wirtschaftlich German · revision 35454

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=1596|origins=gem-pro *werduz}}

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''wirtschaftlich''' (strong nominative masculine singular wirtschaftlicher, comparative wirtschaftlicher, superlative am wirtschaftlichsten)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|de|Wirtschaft|-lich]].^(Wiktionary)^(Wiktionary DE)^(Pfeifer 1993) The noun is [[gmh|wirtschaft]], [[goh|wirtscaft|t=hospitality, entertaining of guests, feast]], formed with the suffix [[-schaft]] from [[Wirt]] “host, master of the house”, so that it first named what a host or householder does.^(Kluge 2011|992)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2007) It has counterparts only in Low German and Dutch: [[osx|werdskepi|t=entertainment of guests, banquet]], [[gml|wertschap]], [[dum|wertscap]] and the dialectal [[nl|waardschap|t=visit, banquet]].^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2007)

+

+ The base noun continues [[gem-pro|*werduz|t=master of the house, host]], also found in [[got|𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌳𐌿𐍃|tr=wairdus]].^(Kluge 2011|991)^(Wiktionary) Kluge compares [[sga|ferthigis|t=steward in charge of guests]] and leaves its further origin open.^(Kluge 2011|991)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The adjective is first recorded once in 1596, in a chronicle by W. Bütner, in a sense taken from ''Wirtschaft'' “feast, banquet”: roughly “festive, social”, in ''zu wirtschafftlichen ehren'' (“to the honours of the feast”).^(DWB|30, 687)^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ From the first half of the 18th century the adjective followed the newer senses of the noun, “management of a household” and “household”: Steinbach's dictionary of 1734 records it as “thrifty, economical” and “relating to the household”.^(DWB|30, 687)^(Paul 2002) The Duden etymological dictionary dates the present meaning to the same period.^(Duden 7 2007) In the 18th century writers used it of thrifty diligence and housekeeping skills, and Lessing reports an order to use the ammunition ''wirthschaftlich'', sparingly.^(DWB|30, 687)

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+ When ''Wirtschaft'' became the term of political economy in the 19th century, the sense “relating to the economy” came to the fore, and it is now the adjective's main meaning beside “financial”.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden GWDS 1999) The older sense survives in “economical, cost-effective”, said of a car or a way of driving.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 10th century – Old High German ''wirtscaft'' “hospitality, meal” appears in glosses.^(Köbler AHD)^(Kluge 2011|992)

+ * 1596 – First, isolated record of the adjective, meaning “festive, social”.^(DWB|30, 687)^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 1690 – The compound ''Wirtschaftswissenschaft'' is first recorded.^(Paul 2002)

+ * 1734 – Steinbach's dictionary records “thrifty” and “relating to the household”.^(Paul 2002)^(DWB|30, 687)

+ * 19th century – ''Wirtschaft'' becomes the usual term for the economy.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # Relating to the [[m|en|economy]] of a country or society: ''wirtschaftliche Reformen''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary DE)

+ # [[m|en|financial|alt=Financial]], concerning money: ''Sie ist wirtschaftlich unabhängig.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary DE)

+ # [[m|en|thrifty|alt=Thrifty]], good at managing household resources.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # [[m|en|economical|alt=Economical]], [[m|en|efficient]], cost-effective: ''ein wirtschaftlicher Motor''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[Wirtschaftlichkeit]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[Wirtschaft]]

+ * [[Wirt]]

+ * [[wirtlich]]

+ * [[bewirten]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}