Stand German · revision 35448

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=late 8th century, in compounds|origins=gem-pro *standaną}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ʃtant/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''Stand''' ''m'' (genitive Standes or Stands, plural Stände, diminutive Ständchen n or Ständlein n or Standl n or Standerl n)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|stant|t=standing, place of standing]], [[inh|goh|*stant]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*stand]].^(Kluge 2011|876)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Wiktionary)^(Duden GWDS 1999) The Old High German noun is found only in compounds: [[m|goh|firstant|t=understanding, wisdom]] in the Isidor translation (late 8th century) and [[m|goh|urstant|t=resurrection]] (11th century).^(Pfeifer 1993)^(EWA|3, 312)^(Köbler AHD) The noun is also [[gml|stant]] and [[dum|stant]], and there is a noun [[ang|stand|t=delay]].^(Kluge 2011|876)^(Duden 7 2020)^(DWB|17, 683)

+

+ It is a verbal noun from the nasal present stem of [[gem-pro|*standaną|t=to stand]], seen in [[got|𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽|tr=standan]], [[non|standa]], [[m|ang|standan]] and [[m|goh|stantan]], continued in [[en|stand]].^(Kluge 2011|876)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020) That present is a nasalized form of a dental extension of the root of [[stehen]], which it partly replaced and partly supplemented.^(Kluge 2011|876) If [[hit|ištantāi-|t=to hesitate, linger]] belongs here, the formation must be very old.^(Kluge 2011|876)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The simple noun is recorded from the 14th century.^(DWB|17, 683)^(Paul 2002) Middle High German ''stant'' meant a standing place or seat, a shooting stand, a truce (''gütlîcher stant''), continuance, condition and way of life, and an office or rank.^(Lexer 1872|2, 1137)^(Köbler MHD)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Paul explains the senses from the way something stands: position in space (the level of the water, the position of the sun), then situation and condition, as in ''der Stand der Dinge'', where it overlaps with [[Zustand]].^(Paul 2002) The phrase ''imstande sein'' “to be able” is perhaps a loan translation of French ''être en état''.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ From the 14th century ''Stand'' was a social term, at first with the idea of a God-given order; since the 15th century it has named groups by their function in society: the clerical and secular estates, ''Bauernstand'' and ''Bürgerstand'', and ''der dritte Stand'' after French ''tiers état''.^(Paul 2002)^(Duden GWDS 1999) The plural ''Stände'' named the representatives of the estates in the assemblies of the Middle Ages and the early modern period, whence ''ständisch'' (18th century).^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Pfeifer 1993) In Switzerland a canton has been called a ''Stand'' since the 16th century, from the sense “legal condition, commonwealth”, a parallel to ''Staat''.^(Wiktionary DE) When civil registration was introduced in the German Empire in 1875, the offices were named ''Standesamt'' after the personal ''Stand''.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ The sense “stall, booth” at a market or fair passed into [[hu|stand|t=market stall]] (1878).^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(LWP) Derivatives include ''Ständchen'' (17th century, at first student slang, music performed standing in someone's honour), ''Standgericht'' (about 1500, a court that originally sat standing) and ''Standpunkt'' (18th century).^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * Late 8th century – Old High German ''firstant'' in the Isidor translation.^(Köbler AHD)^(EWA|3, 312)

+ * 11th century – ''urstant'' “resurrection” is recorded.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 14th century – The simple noun ''stant'' appears.^(Paul 2002)^(DWB|17, 683)

+ * 15th century – ''Stand'' names social groups such as the clergy.^(Paul 2002)

+ * c. 1500 – ''Standgericht'' is recorded.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 16th century – ''Stand'' means a Swiss canton.^(Wiktionary DE)

+ * 17th century – ''Ständchen'' appears in student language.^(Duden 7 2020)

+ * 1875 – ''Standesamt'' is introduced in the German Empire.^(Paul 2002)

+ * 1878 – Hungarian ''stand'' “market stall” is recorded.^(LWP)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # Upright standing on one's feet, [[m|en|footing]]; also standing still: ''Sie verlor auf dem Eis den Stand.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary DE)

+ # A place to stand, such as a hunter's or marksman's position, a shooting range or a driver's cab.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary DE)

+ # A [[m|en|stall]] or [[m|en|booth]] where goods are sold or information is offered, as at a market or a trade fair; also a box in a stable: ''ein Stand mit Obst''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)^(Wiktionary DE)

+ # The stage reached in a development at a given time; the condition of something; a reading or value at a given moment: ''der Stand der Forschung'', ''der Stand des Kontos''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)^(Wiktionary DE)

+ # [[m|en|status|alt=Status]]: marital status ([[Familienstand]]) or profession ([[Berufsstand]]).^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary DE)

+ # A social [[m|en|estate]] or class in a hierarchical society;^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)^(Wiktionary DE) ''(plural, history)'' the representatives of the estates in political assemblies.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)^(Wiktionary DE)

+ # ''(Switzerland)'' A [[m|en|canton]].^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)^(Wiktionary DE)

+ # ''(hunting)'' The stock of game in a hunting ground.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary DE)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[ständisch]]

+ * [[Ständchen]]

+ * [[ständig]]

+ * [[standhaft]]

+ * [[Standpunkt]]

+ * [[Standgericht]]

+ * [[Standesamt]]

+ * [[Standort]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[stehen]]

+ * [[Stunde]]

+ * [[Ständer]]

+ * [[Zustand]]

+ * [[Verstand]]

+ * [[Widerstand]]

+ * [[en|stand]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Einen schweren Stand haben'' (colloquial) is to find it hard to assert oneself, and ''aus dem Stand'' means “without a run-up” or “off the cuff”.^(Duden GWDS 1999) ''In den Stand der Ehe treten'' is an elevated way of saying “to marry”.^(Duden GWDS 1999) The prepositional phrases ''imstande'', ''außerstande'', ''instand'' and ''zustande'' may also be written separately.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}