reden German · revision 35440

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=9th century, Otfrid|origins=gem-pro *raþjǭ}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈʁeːdən/, [ˈʁeːdən], [ˈʁeːdn̩]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''reden''' (third-person singular present redet, past tense redete, past participle geredet, auxiliary haben)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|reden]], [[inh|goh|redōn]] (also [[m|goh|rediōn]]), derived from the noun [[Rede]], whose Old High German form is [[m|goh|reda]].^(Kluge 2011|752)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Wiktionary) The same verb is [[osx|reðiōn]] and [[ofs|rethia]].^(Kluge 2011|752)^(Pfeifer 1993) An Old High German side form [[m|goh|redinōn]] gave [[Redner]].^(Kluge 2011|752)^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ The noun goes back to [[gem-pro|*raþjǭ|t=account, reckoning]], also in [[got|𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐍉|tr=raþjō|t=number, account]], beside which Gothic has [[m|got|𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽|tr=garaþjan|t=to count]].^(Wiktionary)^(Kroonen 2013)^(Pfeifer 1993) Kluge therefore starts from a sense “to count”, which led through “to recount, tell” to “to speak”;^(Kluge 2011|752)^(Wahrig Herkunftswörterbuch)^(Paul 2002) Wahrig and Paul follow him.^(Kluge 2011|752)^(Wahrig Herkunftswörterbuch)^(Paul 2002) The Grimms' dictionary sees the verb rather as a fairly young formation from the later senses of the noun.^(DWB|14, 463)

+

+ The Germanic noun matches [[la|ratio|t=reckoning, account]] so exactly that borrowing suggests itself;^(Kluge 2011|752)^(Duden 7 2007) Kluge holds that kinship is more likely for phonological reasons, with later influence of the Latin word, while Duden allows that the noun may be a loan.^(Kluge 2011|752)^(Duden 7 2007) Orel treats the two as identical.^(Orel 2003) Kroonen finds the forms parallel but notes that the Latin noun is derived from [[m|la|reor|t=to think, believe]], whereas Germanic has no such verb and points to a primary root [[ine-pro|*h₂rh₁-t-]].^(Kroonen 2013) Pfeifer and Kluge derive the family from [[ine-pro|*h₂er-|t=to fit together]], Wiktionary from [[ine-pro|*h₂reh₁-|t=to think, reason]].^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Kluge 2011|752)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old High German ''redōn'' appears in Otfrid, Notker and the glosses, meaning “to say, speak, proclaim, tell, report, argue”.^(Schützeichel 2012|255)^(Köbler AHD) Old Saxon ''reðiōn'' “to speak” occurs once, in the ''Heliand''.^(DWB|14, 463)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Middle High German ''reden'' meant “to speak, talk, say”, with contracted forms such as ''reist'' and ''reit'' that the modern standard language did not keep.^(Lexer 1872|2, 367)^(DWB|14, 463) Unlike [[sagen]] and [[sprechen]], ''reden'' seldom introduces direct or indirect speech;^(Paul 2002) Eberhard (1800) observed that a parrot may be said to ''sprechen'' but not to have ''geredet'' for long, since ''reden'' implies connected, meaningful discourse.^(Paul 2002) With ''mit'' it often means “to negotiate”, whence ''mit sich reden lassen'' “to be open to persuasion”, and ''gut reden haben'' “it's easy for you to talk” is recorded in Gotthelf (1850).^(Paul 2002)

+

+ [[Redensart]] (early 17th century) is a loan translation of French ''manière de parler'' or ''façon de parler''.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2007) The adjectives [[redselig]] (15th century) and [[beredsam]] (17th century) belong to the same family.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 9th century – Old High German ''redōn'' is recorded.^(Kluge 2011|752)^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * c. 830 – Old Saxon ''reðiōn'' in the ''Heliand''.^(DWB|14, 463)

+ * 15th century – ''redselig'' and ''beredt'' appear.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * Early 17th century – ''Redensart'' is formed after French.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 1800 – Eberhard distinguishes ''reden'' from ''sprechen''.^(Paul 2002)

+ * 1850 – ''gut reden haben'' in Gotthelf.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To express oneself in words, to [[m|en|speak]]: ''langsam und deutlich reden''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To say what one thinks in connected speech; to talk about others, to [[m|en|gossip]]: ''Im Dorf wird viel geredet.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # To give a [[m|en|speech]]: ''Die Ministerin redet heute vor dem Landtag.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # To bring oneself or another into a state by talking: ''sich in Rage reden''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # To talk (''mit'' someone, ''über'' or ''von'' something), to [[m|en|converse]]: ''Wir müssen einmal in Ruhe miteinander reden.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(intransitive)'' To talk, to reveal a secret.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[Redner]]

+ * [[redselig]]

+ * [[beredsam]]

+ * [[beredt]]

+ * [[Redensart]]

+ * [[Gerede]]

+ * [[anreden]]

+ * [[ausreden]]

+ * [[einreden]]

+ * [[überreden]]

+ * [[verabreden]]

+ * [[zureden]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[Rede]]

+ * [[redlich]]

+ * [[raten]]

+ * [[Räson]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Reden ist Silber, Schweigen ist Gold'' “speech is silver, silence is golden” is a proverb.^(Duden GWDS 1999) A separate Middle High German ''rëden'' “to sift, shake through a sieve”, later spelt ''räden'', survived into the 17th century.^(DWB|14, 463)^(FWB)^(Lexer 1872|2, 367)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}