project English · revision 3544

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=c. 1400|origins=la iacere}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: noun UK /ˈprɒdʒ.ekt/, US /ˈprɑː.dʒekt/; verb /prəˈdʒekt/^(Roach et al. 2011)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ The noun is [[inh|enm|projecte|t=plan, draft, scheme]],^(Barnhart 1988)^(Etymonline)^(SOED 2002) [[bor|la-med|prōiectum|t=something thrown forth; a projecting roof]],^(Barnhart 1988)^(Etymonline)^(MW Collegiate) the noun use of the neuter of [[la|prōiectus]], past participle of [[m|la|prōicere|t=to stretch out, throw forth]],^(Barnhart 1988)^(Etymonline)^(AHD 2000) formed from [[m|la|prō-|t=forward]] and [[m|la|iacere|t=to throw]].^(Barnhart 1988)^(Etymonline)^(AHD 2000) Etymonline traces ''iacere'' to [[ine-pro|*ye-|t=to throw, impel]].^(Etymonline) Merriam-Webster's Unabridged sees influence from Middle French [[m|frm|pourjet|t=plan]].^(MWU 2024) The verb is from the Latin participle ''prōiectus''.^(SOED 2002)^(Hoad 1986)^(MW Collegiate) It is related to [[jet]], [[eject]], [[inject]], [[object]] and [[subject]].^(Klein 1966)^(Cresswell 2021)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ A plan, draft or table of something: probably before 1400,^(Barnhart 1988) or about 1400.^(Etymonline)^(OED 1989)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In the 16th century a ''project'' was also a mental conception or notion.^(Hoad 1986)^(OED 1989) A scheme or proposal for execution, the main modern sense, is from 1601.^(OED 1989)^(Hoad 1986) In education, a task set to students to study a topic is from 1916,^(OED 1989)^(Barnhart 1988) and in North America a block of government-subsidized housing is a ''project'' from 1932.^(OED 1989)^(Etymonline) The verb meant “to plan, scheme” in the late 15th century, in Caxton,^(Etymonline)^(OED 1989) with the notion of casting forward in the mind,^(Etymonline) and “to throw forward” from the 16th century.^(Hoad 1986) “To jut out” is from the late 17th century,^(SOED 2002) and “to cause an image to appear on a surface” and “to attribute one's own feelings to others” are later uses.^(AHD) ''Projection'' is from the 16th century, first for representing a sphere on a flat surface.^(Hoad 1986)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 1400 – a plan, draft.^(Etymonline)^(OED 1989)

+ * late 15th century – verb, to plan (Caxton).^(Etymonline)

+ * 16th century – verb, to throw forward, and ''projection''.^(Hoad 1986)

+ * 1601 – a scheme for execution.^(OED 1989)

+ * late 17th century – verb, to jut out.^(SOED 2002)

+ * 1916 – a school project.^(OED 1989)

+ * 1932 – a housing project.^(OED 1989)

+

+ ==Modern meaning==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A plan or proposal; a [[scheme]].^(AHD)^(SOED 2002)

+ # An undertaking needing concerted effort.^(AHD)^(OED 1989)

+ # An extended task done by a student or group of students.^(AHD)^(OED 1989)

+ # ''(US)'' A [[housing]] project.^(AHD)^(OED 1989)

+

+ ===Verb===

+ # To plan or intend; to estimate a future amount.^(AHD)^(OED 1989)

+ # To thrust out; to [[protrude]] or jut.^(AHD)^(SOED 2002)

+ # To throw forward or send out into space.^(AHD)^(Hoad 1986)

+ # To cause an image to appear on a surface.^(AHD)

+ # To make one's voice carry.^(AHD)

+ # To attribute one's own feelings to someone else.^(AHD)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[projectable]]

+ * [[projectingly]]

+ * [[counterproject]]

+ * [[megaproject]]

+ * [[reproject]]

+ * [[subproject]]

+ * [[projective]]

+ * [[housing project]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[projection]]

+ * [[projectile]]

+ * [[projector]]

+ * [[jet]]

+ * [[eject]]

+ * [[inject]]

+ * [[object]]

+ * [[subject]]

+ * [[reject]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}