hängen German · revision 35436

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=late 8th century, Monsee Fragments|origins=gem-pro *hanhaną}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈhɛŋən/, [ˈhɛŋən], [ˈhɛŋŋ̩]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''hängen''' (class 7 strong or irregular strong, third-person singular present hängt, past tense hing or (nonstandard) hang, past participle gehangen, auxiliary haben or sein)^(Wiktionary)

+ Transitive: weak (past tense ''hängte'', past participle ''gehängt'', auxiliary ''haben'').^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|hāhen]], [[inh|goh|hāhan|t=to hang up, crucify]], [[inh|gem-pro|*hanhaną|t=to hang]], a strong verb, blended with [[m|gmh|hangen]], from [[goh|hangēn|t=to be hanging]], and with [[m|gmh|hengen]], from [[m|goh|hengen|t=to let hang; to allow]], which continues [[gem-pro|*hangijaną|t=to cause to hang]].^(Kluge 2011|393)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Wiktionary)^(Paul 2002) The same strong verb is [[got|𐌷𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌽|tr=hāhan]], [[non|hanga]], [[ang|hōn]] and [[ofs|huā]].^(Kluge 2011|393)^(Kroonen 2013)

+

+ The nasal was lost before /h/ with lengthening of the vowel; the present was then rebuilt with the /ŋ/ of the past forms, as in [[fangen]], and so fell together with the stative verb.^(Kluge 2011|393)^(Pfeifer 1993) In Middle High German the strong past [[m|gmh|hienc]] took over the intransitive meaning of [[m|gmh|hangete]], and in the 12th century the stative verb began to be used transitively as well.^(Pfeifer 1993) Wiktionary adds that the combination of the present stem with the strong past is first found in the north and spread from [[gml|hangen]] into Central German in the 14th century.^(Wiktionary) Only in the 19th century was the usage regulated: the strong forms went to the intransitive use and the weak ones to the transitive.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ Kluge traces the strong verb to [[ine-pro|*ḱonk-|t=to hang]], whose literal sense outside Germanic survives only in [[hit|gank-|t=to hang, weigh]]; a transferred sense “to waver, be uncertain” is seen in [[la|cūnctor|t=to hesitate]].^(Kluge 2011|393)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Kroonen 2013) He rejects the connection with words for “hook” for morphological reasons, and Duden finds the relations outside Germanic not certain.^(Kluge 2011|393)^(Duden 7 2020|353)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old High German ''hāhan'' “to hang, crucify” is found from the end of the 8th century in the Monsee Fragments, then in Tatian and Otfrid;^(Köbler AHD)^(Schützeichel 2012|138)^(Schützeichel 2012|140) ''hangēn'' “to be hanging” appears in glosses of the same time and in the Benedictine Rule, Tatian and Notker.^(Köbler AHD)^(Schützeichel 2012|138)^(Schützeichel 2012|140) ''hengen'' meant “to allow, permit, give way”.^(Schützeichel 2012|148)^(EWA|4, 952)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The figurative senses “to depend on” and “to be attached to” were present from Old High German ''hangēn'' on, which also meant “to be dependent”.^(Köbler AHD)^(Pfeifer 1993) Many derivatives arose from them: [[Hang]] “slope; inclination” (15th century), [[abhängig]], first “sloping” (15th century) and since the early 18th century “dependent”, [[Anhänger]] and [[anhänglich]].^(Pfeifer 1993) The jingle ''mitgefangen, mitgehangen'' preserves the old transitive participle ''gehangen'', which southern colloquial speech still uses.^(Paul 2002) The old intransitive ''hangen'' survives in Swiss and southern dialects and in ''mit Hangen und Bangen''.^(Paul 2002)^(Duden 7 2020|353)

+

+ Polish took over ''hengować'' “to delay” (1532) and the mining term ''hangować'' (1764).^(LWP)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * End of the 8th century – Old High German ''hāhan'' in the Monsee Fragments and ''hangēn'' in glosses.^(Köbler AHD)

+ * 9th century – ''hengen'' “to allow”.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 12th century – ''hangen'' begins to be used transitively.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 14th century – The present ''hangen'' with the strong past spreads from the north into Central German.^(Wiktionary)

+ * 15th century – ''Hang'' and ''abhängig'' “sloping” appear.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 1532 – Polish borrows ''hengować''.^(LWP)

+ * Early 18th century – ''abhängig'' comes to mean “dependent”.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 19th century – Intransitive strong and transitive weak forms are separated by rule.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # ''(intransitive)'' To [[m|en|hang]], be suspended: ''Die Jacke hängt am Haken.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(intransitive)'' To hang down, droop; to lean to one side.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # ''(intransitive, formal)'' To [[m|en|hover]], float motionless in the air.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # ''(intransitive, colloquial)'' To be stuck, make no progress; to lag behind; to hang around somewhere.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary DE)

+ # ''(intransitive)'' To [[m|en|depend]] (''an'' or ''von'' something).^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(intransitive)'' To be attached to, be fond of (''an'' someone or something).^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(transitive)'' To hang (something) up: ''ein Bild an die Wand hängen''.^(Wiktionary)^(Wiktionary DE)

+ # ''(transitive)'' To [[m|en|execute]] by hanging.^(Wiktionary)^(Wiktionary DE)

+ # ''(reflexive)'' To attach oneself to someone, follow closely.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[Hang]]

+ * [[Abhang]]

+ * [[abhängig]]

+ * [[Anhang]]

+ * [[Anhänger]]

+ * [[anhänglich]]

+ * [[Anhängsel]]

+ * [[Gehänge]]

+ * [[Vorhang]]

+ * [[Umhang]]

+ * [[Verhängnis]]

+ * [[aufhängen]]

+ * [[abhängen]]

+ * [[zusammenhängen]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[henken]]

+ * [[Henkel]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}