in German · revision 35428

+ {{homograph|1|in, into}}

+

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=8th century, Old High German glosses and texts|origins=ine-pro *h₁én}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ɪn/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''in''' (preposition with the dative or the accusative; contracted with the article to '''im''', '''ins''').^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ The preposition is [[inh|gmh|in]], [[inh|goh|in]], [[inh|gem-pro|*in]], older [[m|gem-pro|*eni]].^(Kluge 2011|441) The same word is [[got|𐌹𐌽|tr=in]], [[non|í]], [[ang|in]], [[ofs|in]] and [[osx|in]], and in the modern languages [[nl|in]], [[en|in]], [[sv|i]] and [[is|í]].^(Kluge 2011|441)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Orel 2003) Outside Germanic it corresponds to [[grc|ἐν|tr=en]] and [[m|grc|ἐνί|tr=ení]], [[la|in]], [[prg|en]] and, probably with the zero grade, [[lt|į]], all from [[ine-pro|*h₁én|alt=*en(i)|t=in]].^(Kluge 2011|441)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Orel 2003)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ The EWA doubts the reconstruction with a final vowel, since no Germanic descendant shows it and the Old Norse form cannot come from it; it prefers a form without the vowel, with /e/ raised to /i/ in weak stress.^(EWA|5, 65) As a stressed adverb the word was lengthened in Middle High German to [[m|gmh|în]], the source of the adverb [[ein#2]] “into”.^(EWA|5, 65)^(Kluge 2011|234) Before a stressed syllable it was weakened in Middle High German to [[m|gmh|en-]], as in [[m|gmh|enzwei]], now [[entzwei]].^(Pfeifer 1993) Combined with the article it gave [[im]] (Middle High German [[m|gmh|imme]], from ⟨in deme⟩) and [[ins]].^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old High German ''in'' is recorded from the 8th century in glosses and literary texts, with a very wide range of senses: “in, to, on, at, with regard to, according to, under, towards”, rendering Latin ''ad'', ''de'' and ''in''.^(EWA|5, 65)^(Schützeichel 2012|163) Köbler's earliest dated sources are glosses of 765 and the Hildebrandslied.^(Köbler AHD) Schützeichel lists phrases such as ''in thiu'' “therein, thereby, because” and ''in mitti'' “in the middle of”.^(Schützeichel 2012|163)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Paul traces the senses from the spatial one, something enclosed in a space or area (''im Wasser'', ''im Garten''), also partly enclosed (''in der Hand'', ''in Schuhen''), to temporal and figurative uses;^(Paul 2002) ''in der Predigt'' and ''im Konzert'' were modelled on ''in der Kirche'', ''im Theater''.^(Paul 2002) Before names of towns ''in'' with the dative replaced the older [[zu]].^(Paul 2002) In Early New High German the preposition was used more widely in transferred senses than today, and towards the end of that period other prepositions increasingly took its place there.^(FWB)

+

+ From the 16th to the 18th century ''in'' also stood for ''in den'' (Hans Sachs ''in spiegel'' “into the mirror”, the young Goethe ''in kopf''), a contraction later avoided in careful writing.^(DWB|10, 2103) Latin phrases with ''in'' such as ''in corpore'' “as a whole body”, probably from chancery Latin, became current in German.^(DFWB) After the English model, ''in'' with a bare year (''in 1999'') appears in non-standard usage.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 765 – Old High German ''in'' appears in glosses, and soon after in the Hildebrandslied.^(Köbler AHD)

+ * 14th century – Rhymes prove the lengthened adverb ''în'', modern ''ein''.^(Kluge 2011|234)

+ * 16th century – ''in'' for ''in den'' becomes common, and remains so until the 18th century.^(DWB|10, 2103)

+ * 1775 – First record of ''in corpore'' in a German text.^(DFWB)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Preposition===

+ # ''(with dative)'' In, [[m|en|inside]], within: where someone or something is.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(with accusative)'' [[m|en|into]], to: the goal of a movement.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(with dative)'' In, during, within: a point or span of time, also the end of a period in the future (''in zwei Tagen'' “in two days”).^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(with accusative)'' Into, up to (a time): ''bis in die Kindheit'' “back into childhood”.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # ''(with dative)'' In: the manner or state of something (''in Schwierigkeiten'' “in difficulties”).^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[im]]

+ * [[ins]]

+ * [[inne]]

+ * [[innen]]

+ * [[inner]]

+ * [[innig]]

+ * [[Innung]]

+ * [[inmitten]]

+ * [[indem]]

+ * [[indessen]]

+

+ {{homograph|2|fashionable}}

+

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=1966|origins=ang inne}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ɪn/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''in''' (indeclinable, predicative only)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ The adjective is [[bor|en|in|t=fashionable]], which goes back to the adverb [[ang|inne|t=within, inside]].^(DFWB)^(Wahrig Herkunftswörterbuch)^(Wiktionary) It is recorded in German from 1966, first in the language of young people and then in colloquial speech.^(DFWB) The English word belongs with the preposition in the first block of this page.^(Kluge 2011|441)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ From 1966 the word is used of people, music groups, places, clothes and other consumer goods that are “currently in fashion, popular, sought after”.^(DFWB)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It is used almost only predicatively, in phrases like ''in sein'' and ''total in''; jocular comparatives ''inner'', ''am insten'' occur, and it forms compounds such as ''In-Lokal'' and ''In-Szene''.^(DFWB) Its opposite is [[out]].^(DFWB)^(Duden Fremdwörterbuch 2007)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1966 – First record in German.^(DFWB)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # ''(colloquial, predicative only)'' [[m|en|fashionable]], in vogue, popular.^(Duden Fremdwörterbuch 2007)^(DFWB)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(colloquial, predicative only)'' Of people, especially in show business: in the public eye, in demand.^(Duden Fremdwörterbuch 2007)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[ein#2]]

+ * [[an]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}