und German · revision 35427

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=inherited|attested=8th century|origins=ine-pro *h₂énti}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ʊnt/^(Wiktionary)

+ * Colloquial: /ʊn/, /ən/, [n̩]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''und'''^(Wiktionary)

+ Older spellings include ''unnd'', ''unndt'' and ''vnd''.^(Wiktionary)^(Paul 2002) The Middle High German form ''unde'' died out in the written language in the 16th century.^(DWB|24, 405)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|unde]], [[inh|goh|unti]], [[inh|gem-pro|*anþi]], with the zero-grade variant [[m|gem-pro|*unþi]].^(Kluge 2011|941)^(Wiktionary)^(EWA|5, 125) The vowel varies in Old High German: Bavarian texts have [[m|goh|anti]], most other Upper German sources of the 8th and 9th centuries [[m|goh|enti]] with umlaut, and mainly Franconian [[m|goh|inti]] is probably its weakly stressed variant; [[m|goh|unta]] and the like continue the zero grade and later ousted the other forms, so that Notker has only [[m|goh|unde]].^(EWA|5, 125)

+

+ The same conjunction is [[osx|endi]], [[ofs|and]], [[ang|and]] (whence [[en|and]]) and [[dum|ende]] (whence [[nl|en]]); [[non|enn|t=and, but]] is related.^(Kluge 2011|941)^(Pfeifer 1993) Kluge thinks it first had a contrasting sense, “on the other hand, opposite”, still traceable in Norse and German, and connects it with [[ine-pro|*h₂énti|alt=*hanti|t=on the front side, opposite]], seen in [[hit|ḫanti|t=separately]], [[sa|अन्ति|tr=ánti|t=near, opposite]], [[grc|ἀντί|tr=antí|t=opposite, against]] and [[la|ante|t=before]], the locative of a root noun meaning “front, forehead”, which also lies behind [[Ende]].^(Kluge 2011|941)^(Duden 7 2020) The EWA likewise derives the full-grade and zero-grade Germanic forms from the locative of that root noun, [[m|ine-pro|*h₂ent-|t=front, forehead]],^(EWA|5, 125) which also gave [[goh|andi|t=forehead]].^(Kroonen 2013)

+

+ Pfeifer, by contrast, finds connections outside Germanic uncertain: he doubts a link with [[m|sa|अथ|tr=átha|t=then, thereupon]] and considers comparing [[txb|entwe|t=then]] and starting from an extension of [[m|ine-pro|*en|t=in]].^(Pfeifer 1993) Wahrig and the Duden dictionary leave its origin open.^(Wahrig Herkunftswörterbuch)^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old High German ''inti'' and its variants, recorded from the 8th century, meant “and”, but also “also, but, so, for, namely”.^(Kluge 2011|941)^(Köbler AHD)^(EWA|5, 125) The Hildebrandslied names its heroes in its first line as ''Hiltibrant enti Hadubrant''.^(Paul 2002) Köbler, who counts about 5,500 instances, lists a runic inscription of the third quarter of the 6th century among the sources.^(Köbler AHD)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Already in Old High German the word mostly just joined words, phrases and clauses, as it does today.^(Pfeifer 1993) In Middle High German and older New High German, when it introduced a clause, it often came close to a subordinating conjunction with the sense “if”, “although”, “whereas” or “when”.^(Pfeifer 1993) Repetition with ''und'' expresses increase or continuance (''näher und näher'', ''er lief und lief''), while pairs like ''der und der'' “such and such” leave something unspecified.^(Paul 2002)^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ To end a list that is not complete, German now mostly uses ''und so weiter'' (from the 18th century); ''und andere'' goes back to the late 15th century and ''und dergleichen'' to the early 16th.^(Pfeifer 1993) The short form ''un'' survives in imitations of popular speech, as in Fontane.^(DWB|24, 405)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 8th century – Old High German ''inti'', ''enti'', ''anti'' and ''unti'' are recorded.^(Kluge 2011|941)^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 9th century – Forms with ''u-'' (''unti'', ''unta'', ''unde'') appear and later displace the others.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(EWA|5, 125)

+ * Late 15th century – ''und ander'' is used to close a list.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * Early 16th century – First use of ''und dergleichen''.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 16th century – The old full form ''unde'' dies out in the written language.^(DWB|24, 405)

+ * 18th century – ''und so weiter'' becomes the usual way to end a list.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Conjunction===

+ # [[m|en|and]]: joins words, phrases and clauses in a list or sequence.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Joins a word to itself to express increase or [[m|en|continuation]]: ''es regnete und regnete'' “it rained and rained”.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # Joins a clause to a preceding one, adding a sequel, a consequence or a [[m|en|contrast]].^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # ''(colloquial)'' In elliptical questions, setting a person against an activity to express disbelief: ''ich und singen?'' “me, sing?”.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # In sums: [[m|en|plus]].^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ===Interjection===

+ # So? And? Asking someone to go on or come to the point.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[Ende]]

+ * [[en|and]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}