noch German · revision 35424

+ {{homograph|1|still, yet}}

+

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=inherited|attested=8th century, Old High German glosses|origins=ine-pro *nu, ine-pro *-kʷe}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /nɔx/, /nɔ/^(Wiktionary)

+ * Austria, Southern-Germany, also, southern-Germany: /no/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''noch''' (adverb; not inflected)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ The adverb “still, yet” is [[inh|gmh|noch]], [[inh|goh|noh]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*noh]], [[inh|gem-pro|*nuh]].^(Kluge 2011|657)^(Wiktionary) The same word is [[osx|noh]], [[ofs|noch]], [[nl|nog]] and [[got|𐌽𐌰𐌿𐌷|tr=nauh]].^(Kluge 2011|657)^(Pfeifer 1993) It was formed by joining [[m|goh|nu|t=now]] (see [[nun]]) and the enclitic particle [[gem-pro|*-h|t=and, also]], which corresponds to [[la|-que]] and [[grc|τε|tr=te]].^(Kluge 2011|657)^(Pfeifer 1993) Behind this lies a combination of [[ine-pro|*nu|t=now]] and [[ine-pro|*-kʷe|t=and]], so that the starting sense of the adverb was “and now, now also”.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Wiktionary)^(Paul 2002)

+

+ Pfeifer explains the West Germanic vowel /o/ as perhaps due to the following guttural spirant, like the regular change of Germanic /u/ before /h/ to the Gothic vowel spelled ⟨aú⟩.^(Pfeifer 1993) Brugmann instead took the Gothic form as a diphthong, started from [[ine-pro|*nou-kʷe]] and saw the Old High German and Old Saxon forms as shortened from a long vowel.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old High German ''noh'' is recorded from the 8th century, first in glosses of about 765, and then in Isidor, the Tatian, Otfrid and Notker.^(Kluge 2011|657)^(Köbler AHD) Schützeichel's dictionary lists it with senses that cover both modern words: “still, as yet, also, besides, further”, and “and not, also not”.^(Schützeichel 2012|239) Paul finds the temporal sense, that a state lasts up to a given moment, already in Otfrid.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The adverb is first of all a word of time, marking that something continues up to the moment spoken of.^(DWB|13, 866)^(Paul 2002) Already in Old High German it could also add something further, as in Notker's ''hōre noh'' “listen further”, which shows the step from the temporal to the additive use.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Paul 2002) Down to Early New High German it could also express a contrast, a use now taken by [[dennoch]].^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ Repeating ''noch einmal'' came to intensify a quantity or quality, as in ''noch einmal so viel'' “twice as much” (17th century, earlier ''noch einst so vil'' in the 16th).^(Pfeifer 1993) Early New High German also had ''nur noch so'' in this sense.^(Pfeifer 1993) From the 17th century ''noch so'' appears in concessive clauses meaning “however much”, as in ''er mag noch so klug sein'' “however clever he may be”.^(Pfeifer 1993) In Bavarian, Swiss and other dialects the final consonant is often lost (''no'').^(DWB|13, 866)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 8th century – Old High German ''noh'' is first recorded.^(Kluge 2011|657)^(Köbler AHD)

+ * c. 1000 – Notker uses ''hōre noh'' “listen further”, an early additive use.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 16th century – ''noch einst so vil'' “twice as much” in Early New High German.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 17th century – ''noch einmal so viel'' and the concessive ''noch so'' “however much” are recorded.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adverb===

+ # [[m|en|still]]: the state or process continues, though it may soon end.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # With an amount: only so much is [[m|en|left]] (''ich habe nur noch zwei Mark'').^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # Before something else happens; also at some time in the future, [[m|en|eventually]] (''er wird noch kommen'').^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # With a time phrase: as recently as, no later than (''noch gestern'').^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Paul 2002)

+ # In addition, [[m|en|besides]], another.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # With a comparative: [[m|en|even]] (''noch besser'').^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # After a question: again.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[dennoch]]

+ * [[annoch]]

+

+ {{homograph|2|nor}}

+

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=inherited|attested=8th century}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /nɔx/, /nɔ/^(Wiktionary)

+ * Austria, Southern-Germany, also, southern-Germany: /no/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''noch''' (conjunction)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ The conjunction “nor” is [[inh|gmh|noch]], [[inh|goh|noh]], like [[osx|noh]] and [[ofs|noch]].^(Kluge 2011|657) Kluge explains it as a contraction of the negation [[m|goh|ni]] (or ⟨ne⟩) with ⟨-uh⟩, a variant of the particle [[gem-pro|*-h|t=and]] found in the adverb [[noch#1]].^(Kluge 2011|657) The Duden dictionary takes the second part as [[m|goh|ouh|t=also]], so that the word meant “also not”.^(Duden GWDS 1999) With a different vowel the same formation is [[got|𐌽𐌹𐌷|tr=nih]]; outside Germanic it matches [[la|neque]].^(Kluge 2011|657)^(Lexer 1872|2, 98) Kluge leaves open how far [[auch]] took part in the German forms, comparing [[m|osx|nec]], which may come from a negation with an Old Saxon word for “also” or “but”.^(Kluge 2011|657)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old High German ''noh'' “and not, nor” is recorded from the 8th century.^(Kluge 2011|657) In the Tatian it divides a negative statement: ''noh thesêr suntôta noh sîne eldiron'' “neither this man sinned nor his parents”.^(DWB|13, 872)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In the old language the conjunction could also join a negative clause to a positive one, strengthen a negation, or introduce a question like Latin ''nonne''.^(DWB|13, 872) Modern German uses it only to continue a negation that comes before it, above all in ''weder … noch'' “neither … nor”.^(DWB|13, 872)^(Duden GWDS 1999) The paired ''noch … noch'' “neither … nor” lived on beside ''weder … noch'' until the end of the 18th century;^(DWB|13, 872) Luther wrote ''noch sichtbarlich noch unsichtbarlich'' “neither visibly nor invisibly”.^(DWB|13, 872)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 8th century – Old High German ''noh'' “nor” is first recorded.^(Kluge 2011|657)

+ * End of the 18th century – ''noch … noch'' gives way to ''weder … noch''.^(DWB|13, 872)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Conjunction===

+ # [[m|en|nor]]: after a negation, especially in ''weder … noch'' “neither … nor”, introducing each further item that is also not true.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[nun]]

+ * [[goh|noh]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}