geben German · revision 35422

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=8th century, Old High German glosses|origins=gem-pro *gebaną}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * [ˈɡeːb(ə)n], [ˈɡeːbm̩]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Austria: [ˈɡ̊eːb̥ɛn], [ˈɡ̊eːbm̩]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''geben''' (class 5 strong, third-person singular present gibt, past tense gab, past participle gegeben, past subjunctive gäbe, auxiliary haben)^(Wiktionary)

+ The second and third person singular and the imperative were also spelled ''giebst'', ''giebt'', ''gieb'' until 1901;^(Paul 2002) Bavaria had required ''gibst'', ''gibt'', ''gib'' before 1900.^(Paul 2002) Alemannic writers often spelled the stem with ⟨ä⟩, as Maaler's ''gäben''.^(DWB|4, 1665)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|gëben]], [[inh|goh|geban]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*geban]], [[inh|gem-pro|*gebaną]].^(Kluge 2011|337)^(Wiktionary) The same strong verb is [[got|𐌲𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌽|tr=giban]], [[non|gefa]], [[ang|giefan]], [[osx|geƀan]] and [[ofs|jeva]];^(Kluge 2011|337)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020|303) English [[m|en|give]] was borrowed from Norse.^(Kluge 2011|337)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020|303)

+

+ The verb has no direct match outside Germanic.^(Kluge 2011|337) The usual comparison is with a root [[ine-pro|*gʰabʰ-|t=to seize, take, hold]], found in [[la|habeō|t=to have, hold]], [[sga|gaibid|t=takes, seizes]] and [[lt|gabenti|alt=gabénti|t=to convey]], but neither the vowel nor the meaning fit.^(Kluge 2011|337)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020) Kluge notes that “take” and “give” often share a root, and cites Stempel's view that the root [[ine-pro|*gʰebʰ-]] was an undirected counterpart of [[ine-pro|*dō-|t=to give]].^(Kluge 2011|337) Pfeifer and the Duden dictionary see a Germanic new formation that replaced the old verb for “give” and took its vowel and its sense from its opposite [[m|gem-pro|*nemaną|t=to take]] (see [[nehmen]]); what one has seized can be handed over.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020|303)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old High German ''geban'' is recorded from the 8th century, first in glosses of about 765, and in the Benedictine Rule, Isidor, the Tatian and Otfrid, with a wide range of senses: “hand over, grant, give up, deliver, give back, bestow, pay back”.^(EWA|4, 112)^(Köbler AHD)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Paul takes the oldest sense to be handing something to another person, who receives it so that it becomes theirs; from this the verb came to mean a transfer of ownership without handing over, and a handing over without transfer of ownership.^(Paul 2002) It is used above all for giving under an obligation or contract (wages, credit) and in buying and selling, while free giving is usually expressed by [[schenken]].^(Paul 2002)

+

+ Its many uses produced a large family of prefixed and particle verbs, such as [[abgeben]], [[angeben]], [[aufgeben]], [[ausgeben]] and [[umgeben]], the last a loan translation of Latin ''circumdare''.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020|304) The nouns [[Gabe]] and [[Gift]] and the adjective [[gäbe]] belong to the same verb.^(Kluge 2011|337)^(Duden 7 2020|303)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 8th century – Old High German ''geban'' appears in glosses.^(EWA|4, 112)^(Köbler AHD)

+ * 9th century – Old High German ''abageban'' “abandon” is recorded.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 16th century – ''Umgebung'' is formed, first meaning “putting around”.^(Duden 7 2020|304)

+ * 1901 – The spellings ''giebst'', ''giebt'', ''gieb'' are given up for ''gibst'', ''gibt'', ''gib''.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|hand]] something to someone, or let it pass into their keeping or possession.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To give as a [[m|en|gift]] or donation.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To hand something over for a purpose (''das Auto in die Werkstatt geben'').^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # ''(regional)'' To put something somewhere (''Zucker an die Mehlspeise geben'').^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # Impersonal, ''es gibt'': there is, there are; something [[m|en|exists]] or is on offer.^(Wiktionary)

+ # To communicate or [[m|en|signal]] (advice, a hint, a sign).^(Wiktionary)

+ # To result in.^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(card games)'' To [[m|en|deal]].^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # Reflexive: to stop or ease off (of pain or difficulties); also to behave or present oneself in a certain way.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[abgeben]]

+ * [[angeben]]

+ * [[aufgeben]]

+ * [[ausgeben]]

+ * [[begeben]]

+ * [[beigeben]]

+ * [[eingeben]]

+ * [[ergeben]]

+ * [[hingeben]]

+ * [[nachgeben]]

+ * [[preisgeben]]

+ * [[stattgeben]]

+ * [[übergeben]]

+ * [[umgeben]]

+ * [[untergeben]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[Gabe]]

+ * [[Gift]]

+ * [[gäbe]]

+ * [[en|give]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}