kommen German · revision 35420

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=late 8th century, Old High German glosses|origins=ine-pro *gʷem-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈkɔmən/, [ˈkɔ.mən]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''kommen''' (class 4 strong, third-person singular present kommt, past tense kam, past participle gekommen, past subjunctive käme, auxiliary sein)^(Wiktionary)

+ In the 18th century writers mostly still used the umlauted ''kömmst'', ''kömmt'', which survive in dialects;^(Paul 2002) Adelung's authority made ''kommst'', ''kommt'' standard.^(Paul 2002) The past participle was at first ''kommen'' without ''ge-'', still common in Goethe.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|komen]], [[inh|goh|queman]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*kweman]], [[inh|gem-pro|*kwemaną]], from [[ine-pro|*gʷem-|t=to step, go, come]].^(Kluge 2011|516)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Wiktionary) The same strong verb is [[got|𐌵𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌽|tr=qiman]], [[non|koma]], [[ang|cuman]], [[osx|kuman]] and [[ofs|kuma]], with English [[m|en|come]] and Dutch [[m|nl|komen]].^(Kluge 2011|516)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Wiktionary) Outside Germanic it is related to [[grc|βαίνω|tr=baínō|t=I go]], [[la|veniō|t=I come]], [[txb|käm-|t=to come]] and [[lt|gimti|alt=gim̃ti|t=to be born]], perhaps “to come into the world”.^(Kluge 2011|516)^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ Kluge takes the Germanic verb from an originally zero-grade formation.^(Kluge 2011|516) Kroonen notes the two Germanic variants ⟨*kweman-⟩ and ⟨*kuman-⟩ and thinks the verb most likely continues an old root aorist.^(Kroonen 2013) The initial /kw/ (Old High German ⟨qu⟩) merged with the following vowel into ⟨o⟩ in Middle High German.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Paul 2002) The old Germanic initial survives in [[bequem]].^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020|456)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old High German ''queman'' is recorded from the last quarter of the 8th century in glosses and in Isidor, the Monsee fragments and the Tatian, and later in Otfrid and Notker.^(EWA|7, 48) Its senses were “come, arrive, return, come out, arise, descend from, enter, reach, follow, fall to someone's share”.^(EWA|7, 48)^(Schützeichel 2012|189)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The Grimms' dictionary dates the breakdown of the old initial to about the 10th century, with ⟨qua-⟩ holding out longest, in places until today.^(DWB|11, 1625) Paul describes how the /w/ first merged with the vowel in the present and participle and was then lost in the preterite as well (Middle High German ''quam'' – ''quāmen'').^(Paul 2002)

+

+ The verb names the result of a movement of any kind, and its manner is added with a participle (''gegangen'', ''gefahren'', ''geflogen kommen'').^(Paul 2002) [[bringen]] serves as its causative, so that the two often run in parallel.^(Paul 2002) The old noun ''Kunft'' “coming, arrival”, Old High German ''kumft'' (8th century), was given up as a free word in the early 19th century but lives on in [[Ankunft]], [[Herkunft]] and [[Zukunft]], and in [[künftig]].^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020|456)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * Late 8th century – Old High German ''queman'' appears in glosses.^(EWA|7, 48)

+ * 8th century – The noun ''kumft'' “coming” is recorded.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 10th century – The initial ⟨qu-⟩ begins to be lost.^(DWB|11, 1625)

+ * 18th century – Writers still use ''kömmst'', ''kömmt'';^(Paul 2002) Adelung's ''kommst'', ''kommt'' later prevails.^(Paul 2002)

+ * Early 19th century – ''Kunft'' goes out of use as a free noun.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|come]] towards a place and get there; to [[m|en|arrive]].^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To come over, go somewhere to join someone.^(Wiktionary)

+ # To get somewhere, to manage to reach it (''wie komme ich schnell auf die Autobahn?'').^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To be put or belong somewhere.^(Wiktionary)

+ # Impersonal: to [[m|en|happen]], come about (''wie kommt es, dass …?'').^(Wiktionary)^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # With ''aus'': to come from a place or background.^(Wiktionary)

+ # With ''von'' or ''durch'': to be due to, result from.^(Wiktionary)

+ # With ''auf'': to think of, hit on (an idea or answer).^(Wiktionary)

+ # With ''um'': to lose, be deprived of.^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(colloquial)'' To have an [[m|en|orgasm]].^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[ankommen]]

+ * [[bekommen]]

+ * [[verkommen]]

+ * [[vorkommen]]

+ * [[umkommen]]

+ * [[zukommen]]

+ * [[abkommen]]

+ * [[auskommen]]

+ * [[Ankunft]]

+ * [[Herkunft]]

+ * [[Zukunft]]

+ * [[künftig]]

+ * [[willkommen]]

+ * [[vollkommen]]

+ * [[Einkommen]]

+ * [[Abkommen]]

+ * [[Kommen]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[Kunft]]

+ * [[bequem]]

+ * [[en|come]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}