all German · revision 35411

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=8th century, Old High German glosses|origins=gem-pro *allaz}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /al/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''all''' (indefinite pronoun and determiner; inflected ''aller'', ''alle'', ''alles''; uninflected ''all'' before an article or a possessive, as in ''all das'', ''all sein Geld'')^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|al]], [[inh|goh|al]], [[inh|gem-pro|*allaz|t=all, whole]].^(Kluge 2011|31)^(Kroonen 2013)^(Wiktionary) The same word is [[osx|al]], [[ang|eall]], [[non|allr]] and [[ofs|al]], and today [[nl|al]], [[en|all]] and [[sv|all]].^(Kluge 2011|31)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Kroonen 2013) Beside it Germanic had a form [[gem-pro|*ala-|t=entirely]] with a single /l/, used as the first part of compounds, as in [[goh|alaniuwi|t=brand new]] and [[m|goh|alawāri|t=friendly]], the ancestor of [[albern]].^(EWA|1, 129)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Kluge 2011|31)

+

+ The double /ll/ is usually explained by assimilation of an older /ln/, so that the Germanic word goes back to a form with an n-suffix, [[ine-pro|*h₂el-nó-]], also seen in [[osc|allo|t=whole]].^(Kroonen 2013)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Kluge 2011|31) Kluge and Kroonen also compare [[sga|uile|t=all, every]], but they disagree on [[lt|aliái|t=completely]], which Kroonen includes and Kluge would keep apart.^(Kluge 2011|31)^(Kroonen 2013) The sources differ on the root.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Kluge 2011|31) Pfeifer and the Duden take the word as an old participle “grown up, complete” of the root [[ine-pro|*al-|t=to grow]] that is also behind [[alt]];^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2014) Kluge prefers a pronominal stem [[ine-pro|*ol-|t=that one, beyond]], whose sense “to the extreme, completely” he compares with [[la|ultrā]].^(Kluge 2011|31) Paul finds no certain connection outside Germanic.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old High German ''al'' is first recorded in glosses of about 765, and then throughout the Old High German texts, meaning “whole, undamaged, complete” and “all, every”, rendering Latin ''omnis'', ''totus'' and ''universus''.^(Köbler AHD)^(Schützeichel 2012|31)^(EWA|1, 129) Middle High German ''al'' appears from Williram (1060–1065) on.^(Köbler MHD)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Since Middle High German the word has been left uninflected before an article or another pronoun (''all der Schmerz'', ''mit all seiner Habe'').^(Duden 7 2014)^(Paul 2002) In the 16th century an uninflected ''alle'' came up in the same position, which Paul considers Central German and which Luther used; it survives in ''bei alledem'' and ''trotz alledem''.^(Paul 2002)^(Duden 7 2014)

+

+ In Northern and Central German, ''alle'' also came to mean “used up, gone”, as in ''alle sein'', ''alle werden'' and ''alle machen''.^(Kluge 2011|31)^(Duden 7 2014) This use started from East Central German, occurs several times in Luther and was always colloquial;^(DWB2|2, 313) Kluge and the Duden explain it as an ellipsis: potatoes that are “all used up” are simply ''alle''.^(Kluge 2011|31)^(Duden 7 2014) Adelung, around 1800, describes it as a colloquial word of everyday speech, especially in Lower Saxony, and quotes the Bible: ''Die Missethat der Amoriter ist noch nicht alle'' (Genesis 15:16).^(Adelung 1793)

+

+ The neuter noun ''[[All]]'' was used in Middle High German for God, and in the 17th century for a beloved person.^(Pfeifer 1993) From the second half of the 17th century, with Lohenstein, it was used for the universe;^(Pfeifer 1993) Kluge treats this ''All'' as a loan translation of Latin ''universum''.^(Kluge 2011|31) From the 18th century the clearer compound [[Weltall]] took its place.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2014)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 765 – Old High German ''al'' appears in glosses.^(Köbler AHD)

+ * 9th century – ''allero ērist'' “first of all”, the start of compounds such as ''allererst'', is recorded.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 1060–1065 – Middle High German ''al'' is used by Williram.^(Köbler MHD)

+ * 16th century – Uninflected ''alle'' appears before articles;^(Paul 2002)^(Duden 7 2014) Luther uses it.^(Paul 2002)^(Duden 7 2014)

+ * 16th century – ''alle'' “used up” is recorded, mainly in East Central German.^(Kluge 2011|31)^(DWB2|2, 313)

+ * 2nd half of the 17th century – ''All'' is used for the universe (Lohenstein).^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 18th century – The compound ''Weltall'' becomes common.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2014)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Determiner and pronoun===

+ # ''(singular)'' The [[m|en|whole]] of something, in its full extent or strength: ''alles Geld'', ''in aller Stille'', ''all die Zeit''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # ''(singular, of the single members)'' [[m|en|every]], each: ''Bücher aller Art'', ''es geht alles vorüber''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # ''(plural)'' [[m|en|all]] the members of a group, everyone.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(with a plural noun of time)'' Every, at intervals of.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ===Adjective===

+ # ''(colloquial, predicative, as'' alle'')'' Used up, [[m|en|finished]]: ''der Schnaps ist alle''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(colloquial, predicative, as'' alle'')'' Worn out, [[m|en|exhausted]].^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[alle]]

+ * [[alles]]

+ * [[All]]

+ * [[Weltall]]

+ * [[allein]]

+ * [[allerdings]]

+ * [[allererst]]

+ * [[allerhand]]

+ * [[Allerheiligen]]

+ * [[allerorts]]

+ * [[allerseits]]

+ * [[allgemein]]

+ * [[allmächtig]]

+ * [[Allmacht]]

+ * [[Alltag]]

+ * [[allseits]]

+ * [[allzu]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[albern]]

+ * [[alt]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Common phrases are ''alles in allem'' “all in all, taken as a whole” and ''vor allem'' “above all, especially”.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}