program English · revision 3541

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=1633|origins=grc προγράφω}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: UK /ˈprəʊ.ɡræm/, US /ˈproʊ.ɡræm/, /ˈproʊ.ɡrəm/^(Roach et al. 2011)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[bor|la-lat|programma|t=proclamation, edict]],^(Barnhart 1988)^(Etymonline)^(AHD 2000) from [[grc|πρόγραμμα|tr=prógramma|t=a written public notice]],^(Barnhart 1988)^(Etymonline)^(Klein 1966) from the stem of [[m|grc|προγράφω|tr=prográphō|t=to write publicly, write before]],^(Etymonline)^(Klein 1966) formed from [[m|grc|πρό|tr=pró|t=before, forth]] and [[m|grc|γράφω|tr=gráphō|t=to write]].^(Barnhart 1988)^(Etymonline)^(AHD 2000) In the early 19th century it was borrowed again from French [[m|fr|programme]], which gave the British spelling ''programme''.^(Barnhart 1988)^(Etymonline)^(Klein 1966) It is related to [[-gram]], [[graph]] and [[grammar]].^(Klein 1966)^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ A public notice: 1633,^(Barnhart 1988)^(MW Collegiate)^(OED 1989) or the 1630s;^(Etymonline) according to the OED, this use was restricted to Scotland until the early 1800s.^(Barnhart 1988)^(OED 1989)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ A descriptive notice issued beforehand of a series of proceedings, such as a concert or play, is from 1805^(Etymonline) or 1808,^(OED 1989) and the spelling ''programme'' came into use in Britain at the same time, especially in this “playbill” sense.^(Etymonline) A definite plan or scheme of action is from 1837,^(Etymonline)^(OED 1989) and the objects or events suggested by a piece of music from 1854, with ''program music'' by 1877.^(Etymonline) A broadcast presentation is a ''program'' from 1923.^(Etymonline)^(OED 1989) In computing, a series of coded instructions for a machine is from 1945,^(Etymonline)^(OED 1989) the same year as the verb “to cause a computer to do a task”.^(Etymonline)^(OED 1989) The verb had earlier meant “to arrange according to a programme”, from 1896,^(OED 1989)^(MW Collegiate) and it was extended figuratively to training animals in 1963 and people in 1966.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1633 – a public notice (Scotland).^(Barnhart 1988)^(OED 1989)

+ * 1805 – a list of items at a concert.^(Etymonline)

+ * 1837 – a plan of action.^(Etymonline)

+ * 1854 – the subject suggested by music.^(Etymonline)

+ * 1896 – verb, to arrange according to a programme.^(OED 1989)

+ * 1923 – a broadcast.^(Etymonline)

+ * 1945 – a computer program; verb, to program a computer.^(Etymonline)^(OED 1989)

+ * 1963 – verb, to train to behave in a set way.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Modern meaning==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A list of the order of events and other information for a public performance; the performance itself.^(AHD)^(OED 1989)

+ # A scheduled radio or television show.^(AHD)^(Etymonline)

+ # A [[schedule]] or plan of procedures to be followed.^(AHD)^(Etymonline)

+ # A system of services or projects meant to meet a public need.^(AHD)

+ # A course of study.^(AHD)

+ # A set of coded instructions for a [[computer]].^(AHD)^(Etymonline)

+

+ ===Verb===

+ # To include or schedule in a program.^(AHD)^(OED 1989)

+ # To give a computer or machine a set of instructions.^(AHD)^(Etymonline)

+ # To train to behave automatically in a certain way.^(AHD)^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[programmability]]

+ * [[programmable]]

+ * [[deprogram]]

+ * [[microprogram]]

+ * [[preprogram]]

+ * [[reprogram]]

+ * [[programmer]]

+ * [[program music]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[programme]]

+ * [[grammar]]

+ * [[graph]]

+ * [[telegram]]

+ * [[diagram]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Etymonline notes that the spelling ''programme'', established in Britain, came from French in the early 19th century.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}