bis German · revision 35406

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=compound|attested=12th century, Trier Psalms|origins=gmh bī, gmh ze}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /bɪs/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''bis''' (preposition with the accusative; conjunction)^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ Middle High German had ''biz'' and ''bitze'', Middle Low German ''bit'', ''bet'' or ''bette''.^(DWB2|5, 290)^(DWB|2, 42)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|biz]], [[af|gmh|bī|ze|t1=by|t2=to]], grown together into one word.^(Kluge 2011|126)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Wiktionary) The DWB revision traces it to late Old High German, where [[m|goh|bi]] and [[m|goh|zi]] first merged in the border area between Low and High German.^(DWB2|5, 290)^(Duden 7 2020) Kluge explains the loss of the vowel and the pronunciation of the ⟨z⟩ as /s/ by its frequent position before prepositions beginning with a vowel, such as [[auf]].^(Kluge 2011|126)

+

+ The Grimms already favoured this explanation over others, such as a derivation from [[gmh|be daz]], and pointed to the parallel of [[m|gmh|bitze]] and [[gml|bette]].^(DWB|2, 42) It corresponds to [[m|gml|bit]],^(DWB2|5, 290) and Wiktionary compares [[stq|bit|t=until]].^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The word first appears in the 12th century, in the Trier Psalms, as an adverb, a preposition and a conjunction.^(DWB|2, 42)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Kluge 2011|126) A 12th-century manuscript has Christ say to the river: ''stant, Iordan, biz ih unde Iohan uber dih gegan'' “stand still, Jordan, until John and I have crossed you”.^(DWB2|5, 290)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In the 12th century ''bis'' took over from several older ways of expressing a limit, which explains why it can be an adverb, a preposition and a conjunction.^(Pfeifer 1993) It competed with the older [[m|gmh|unze]] “until”, and only prevailed over it in Early New High German;^(Paul 2002)^(DWB2|5, 290) not all Middle High German poets used it, while Luther did.^(DWB|2, 42)

+

+ Combined with other prepositions (''bis zu'', ''bis nach'') it was at first an adverb, and these phrases gave rise to its use as a preposition on its own (''bis Sonntag'').^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020) The conjunction comes from ''bis dass''.^(Duden 7 2020) Compounds include [[bisher]] from Middle High German ''biz her'', [[bislang]], shortened in the 16th century from ''bissolang'', and [[bisweilen]] “sometimes”, recorded in 1534.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 12th century – First records of ''biz'' in the Trier Psalms.^(DWB|2, 42)^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * c. 1295 – Heinrich von Hesler uses the conjunction ''biz'' “until”.^(DWB2|5, 290)

+ * 1534 – ''bisweilen'' “sometimes” is recorded.^(Paul 2002)

+ * 16th century – ''bislang'' is shortened from ''bissolang'';^(Pfeifer 1993)^(DWB2|5, 290) ''bis'' displaces ''unze''.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(DWB2|5, 290)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Preposition===

+ # ''(time)'' [[m|en|until]], till: ''bis heute'', ''von 8 bis 11 Uhr''; also ''by'' a certain time.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(place)'' As far as, [[m|en|to]]: ''bis München fliegen'', ''bis an den Rhein''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''bis auf'': including everything up to; also [[m|en|except]]: ''bis auf einen''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # ''bis zu'' before numbers: up to: ''Gemeinden bis zu 10 000 Einwohnern''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ===Conjunction===

+ # Until: ''ich bleibe, bis er kommt''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)^(Paul 2002)

+ # Between two numbers: to: ''zwei bis drei Pfund''.^(Paul 2002)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[bisher]]

+ * [[bislang]]

+ * [[bisweilen]]

+ * [[bis auf]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[bei]]

+ * [[zu]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ The Latin ''bis'' “twice” is used in music, written over a passage to have it repeated or called out to ask for an encore.^(Duden Fremdwörterbuch 2007) An unrelated older ''bis'' was the imperative “be!” of [[sein]], which Luther and 17th-century poets still used (''bis willkommen!'').^(DWB|2, 41)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}