durch German · revision 35392

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=8th century|origins=gem-pro *þurhw}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /dʊʁç/, /dʊɐ̯ç/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''durch'''^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|durch]], [[inh|goh|duruh]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*þur-h-]], [[inh|gem-pro|*þurhw]].^(Kluge 2011|223)^(Wiktionary)^(EWA) The same word is [[osx|thurh]], [[ang|þurh]] and [[ofs|thruch]], while [[got|𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌷|tr=þairh]] and [[m|ang|þerh]] show another ablaut grade, [[gem-pro|*þer-h-]].^(Kluge 2011|223)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(DWB2) [[nl|door]], [[en|through]], [[m|en|thorough]] and [[yi|דורך|tr=durkh]] continue it.^(Kluge 2011|223)^(Wiktionary)^(EWA)

+

+ Outside Germanic the closest match is [[sa|तिरस्|tr=tirás|t=through, across]], which has an extension with a velar like the Germanic word; both belong to the root of [[ine-pro|*ter(ə)-|t=to cross over, get through]], as do [[la|trāns]], [[sga|tre]] and [[cy|drwy]].^(Kluge 2011|223)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(DWB2) Pfeifer and the revised Grimm compare the final consonant with a strengthening particle seen in Sanskrit and Avestan forms meaning “right across”;^(Pfeifer 1993)^(DWB2)^(Wiktionary) Wiktionary also mentions a compound with [[ine-pro|*h₃ekʷ-|t=to see]].^(Pfeifer 1993)^(DWB2)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ Old High German often had a vowel inserted before the final consonant (⟨durah⟩, ⟨duruh⟩); forms without ⟨h⟩, like [[m|gmh|dur]], appear sporadically from the 8th century and more often in late Old High German and Middle High German, above all in Alemannic.^(DWB2)^(EWA) An umlauted ⟨dür⟩ is found from the 12th century, and ⟨dürch⟩ is frequent from the 15th.^(EWA)^(DWB|2, 1568)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old High German ''duruh'' is recorded from the 8th century, in glosses and in the Isidor, Tatian, Otfrid and Notker.^(Kluge 2011|223)^(Köbler AHD) It meant “through” in space and time, and also “because of, by means of, for the sake of”: both the spatial and the causal uses are already Old High German.^(EWA)^(Pfeifer 1993) As a preposition it mostly rendered Latin ''per'', and its use for a mediating person or thing already developed in Old High German.^(Duden 7 2020)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ From ''durch'' with verbs came the many separable and inseparable compounds such as ''durchbrechen'' and ''durchbohren''.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020) ''Durchaus'' was first spatial, “right through and out” (14th–17th centuries), then “completely, by all means” (from the 15th century); ''durchweg'' “right through” (17th century) came to mean “without exception” in the 18th;^(Pfeifer 1993) ''durcheinander'' “mixed up” dates from the early 15th century.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ Adverbial ''durch'' is now largely colloquial: “past” in ''es ist drei Uhr durch'', “finished” in ''ich bin mit der Zeitung durch'', “worn through” and “cooked through”.^(Paul 2002)^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Pfeifer 1993) Paul thinks the sense “finished (with someone)” was taken from American English, perhaps like the intensifying ''durch und durch'' “through and through”.^(Paul 2002) The newest use is youth slang ''durch'' “crazy, freaked out”, shortened from expressions such as ''durchgeknallt'' and ''durchdrehen''.^(Wiktionary) German ''durch'' was borrowed into Czech and Slovak slang as a card-game term.^(LWP)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 8th century – Old High German ''duruh'' in glosses.^(Kluge 2011|223)^(Köbler AHD)

+ * 12th century – First umlauted ''dür''.^(EWA)^(DWB|2, 1568)

+ * 14th century – ''durchaus'' “right through”.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * Early 15th century – ''durcheinander''.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 15th century – ''durchaus'' “completely”;^(Pfeifer 1993)^(EWA) ''dürch'' frequent.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(EWA)

+ * 16th century – The noun ''Durcheinander'' “chaos”.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 17th century – ''durchweg'' “right through”.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 18th century – ''durchweg'' “without exception”.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Preposition===

+ # With the accusative: [[m|en|through]], in at one side and out at the other: ''durch die Tür gehen'' “to go through the door”.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Through, across the whole extent of a space: ''durch die Straßen bummeln'' “to stroll through the streets”.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # By [[m|en|means]] of, [[m|en|via]]; also giving a cause: ''durch Boten schicken'' “to send by messenger”.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(mathematics)'' [[m|en|divided]] by: ''6 durch 3 = 2''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # In passive sentences: by: ''das Haus wurde durch Bomben zerstört'' “the house was destroyed by bombs”.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # Usually after its noun: throughout a period: ''die ganze Nacht durch'' “all night long”.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ===Adverb===

+ # ''(colloquial)'' Past: ''es ist schon drei Uhr durch'' “it's already past three”.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(colloquial)'' Finished: ''mit dem Lehrbuch bin ich jetzt durch'' “I'm done with the textbook now”.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # ''(colloquial)'' Worn through, broken: ''die Sohle ist durch'' “the sole is worn through”.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # ''(colloquial)'' Ripe (of cheese); cooked through (of meat).^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ===Adjective===

+ # ''(youth slang, predicative)'' [[m|en|crazy]], freaked out.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[durchaus]]

+ * [[durchweg]]

+ * [[durcheinander]]

+ * [[Durcheinander]]

+ * [[hindurch]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[durch-]]

+ * [[en|through]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Durch und durch'' means “completely” and “to the core” (''der Schrei ging mir durch und durch'').^(Duden GWDS 1999) ''Bei jemandem unten durch sein'' “to have lost someone's favour” follows Dutch ''onderdoor gaan'', said of a ship swept by heavy seas, then of a failed venture.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}