wieder German · revision 35389

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=8th century|origins=ine-pro *wi-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈviːdɐ/^(Wiktionary)

+ * Germany, Western, colloquial, including, regional: /ˈvɪdɐ/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''wieder'''^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|wider]], [[inh|goh|widar]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*wiþr]], [[inh|gem-pro|*wiþra-|t=against, back]], and is in origin the same word as the preposition [[wider]] “against”.^(Kluge 2011|986)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Wiktionary) The two spellings were separated by scholars in the 17th and 18th centuries.^(Kluge 2011|986)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020) The same word is [[osx|wiðar]], [[ofs|wither]], [[ang|wiþer]], [[non|viðr]] and [[got|𐍅𐌹𐌸𐍂𐌰|tr=wiþra]]; shorter forms such as [[m|ang|wiþ]] gave [[en|with]] and [[sv|vid]].^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Kluge 2011|986)^(Kroonen 2013)

+

+ The Germanic form is an adverb made with the contrastive suffix [[ine-pro|*-tero-]] from [[ine-pro|*wi-|t=apart]]; the same formation is [[sa|वि॒त॒रम्|tr=vitarám|t=further]].^(Kluge 2011|986)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Kroonen 2013)^(Wiktionary) Its first meaning was thus “further away”, from which came “opposite, against”, and then “back, again”.^(Duden 7 2020)^(Pfeifer 1993) The same root gives [[weit]].^(Duden 7 2020)^(Kroonen 2013)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old High German ''widar'' is a preposition “against” from the 8th century, and the adverb ''widar(i)'' “against, back, once more” is recorded from around 800.^(Pfeifer 1993) All the uses of the modern word were already developed in Old High German, including the adversative “on the other hand” in Notker.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The adverb meant “back”, against the direction taken, which gave the temporal sense “again”.^(Pfeifer 1993) Paul notes that in New High German ''wieder'' took over the sense “once more” that ''aber'' used to have and that still survives in ''abermals''.^(Paul 2002) The old sense “back” lives on in ''hin und wieder'' and in compounds such as ''wiederkommen'', ''wiedergeben'' and ''Wiederkehr''.^(Paul 2002) The spelling ''wieder'' is found as early as 1261 but became established only in the 17th century, when grammarians reserved it for the adverb and kept ''wider'' for “against”.^(Paul 2002)^(Duden 7 2020)^(Duden GWDS 1999) From Middle High German ''wider'', through Middle Low German, came English [[m|en|widdershins]].^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 8th century – Old High German preposition ''widar'' “against”.^(Kluge 2011|986)^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * c. 800 – The adverb ''widar(i)'' “back, again”.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 1261 – First record of the spelling ''wieder''.^(Paul 2002)

+ * 17th century – The spellings ''wieder'' “again” and ''wider'' “against” are distinguished.^(Paul 2002)^(Duden 7 2020)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adverb===

+ # [[m|en|again]], once more: ''wir fahren dieses Jahr wieder an die See'' “we're going to the seaside again this year”.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # With ''ander'' and similar words: yet another: ''und wieder andere haben keine Meinung'' “and still others have no opinion”.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # [[m|en|back]], to a former state: ''wieder gesund sein'' “to be well again”.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(colloquial)'' On the other hand, in turn: marks a contrast or another point of view.^(Wiktionary DE)^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[wiederum]]

+ * [[hinwieder]]

+ * [[wiederholen]]

+ * [[Wiederkehr]]

+ * [[wiederkommen]]

+ * [[Wiedergabe]]

+ * [[Wiedersehen]]

+ * [[Wiedervereinigung]]

+ * [[Wiederkunft]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[wider]]

+ * [[zuwider]]

+ * [[weit]]

+ * [[en|with]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}