stehen German · revision 35381

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=8th century, Old High German|origins=ine-pro *steh₂-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈʃteː.ən/, /ʃteːn/^(Wiktionary)

+ * Austria, Southern Germany, Switzerland: /ˈʃteː.ɛn/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''stehen''' (irregular strong, third-person singular present steht, past tense stand, past participle gestanden, past subjunctive stände or stünde, auxiliary haben or sein)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|stān]], [[inh|goh|stān]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*stān]], [[inh|gem-pro|*stāną|t=to stand]], with the by-forms [[m|gmh|stēn]] and [[m|goh|stēn]].^(Kluge 2011|880)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Wiktionary) The same verb is [[osx|stān]], [[ofs|stān]] and [[nl|staan]].^(Kluge 2011|880)^(Kroonen 2013) The present forms with /ē/ were probably influenced by [[m|gmh|gēn]] beside [[m|gmh|gān]] (see [[gehen]]);^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020) Kluge allows either this or an old present in /j/.^(Kluge 2011|880) The Germanic /ā/ itself, where /ō/ would be expected, is unexplained for Kluge, while Pfeifer explains it too by early adaptation to the verb for “go”.^(Kluge 2011|880)^(Pfeifer 1993) Kroonen discusses a root present or an i-present as the source, and finds neither free of difficulties.^(Kroonen 2013) The ⟨h⟩ was put into the spelling on the model of [[sehen]], and the spelling with ⟨h⟩ appears first in Central German in the 14th century.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ Beside this verb Germanic had a stem [[m|gem-pro|*stand-]], seen in [[m|goh|stantan]], [[m|osx|standan]], [[ang|standan]], [[non|standa]] and [[got|𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽|tr=standan]]; it partly replaced the simple verb and partly completed it.^(Kluge 2011|880)^(Pfeifer 1993) Its nasal at first belonged only to the present, as the past forms of English [[m|en|stood]] and Gothic show.^(Pfeifer 1993) The German past tense and participle ⟨stand⟩, ⟨gestanden⟩ come from this stem, as do [[Stand]] and, with secondary ablaut, [[Stunde]].^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020) Old High German had the past [[m|goh|stuont]]; the /a/ of the modern past came in by analogy with verbs such as [[binden]].^(Wiktionary)^(Paul 2002)

+

+ The verb goes back to [[ine-pro|*steh₂-|t=to stand, place]], found in the reduplicated presents [[la|sistō|t=to set up, stop]] and [[grc|ἵστημι|tr=hístēmi|t=to set up]], in [[m|la|stō|t=to stand]], [[lt|stoti|alt=stóti|t=to step, take one's stand]] and [[ru|стоять|tr=stojátʹ|t=to stand]].^(Kluge 2011|880)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(DWB|17, 1396)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old High German ''stān'', ''stēn'' is recorded from the 8th century, perhaps first in glosses of about 765.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Köbler AHD) In the Benedictine Rule, the ''Muspilli'', Otfrid, Tatian and Notker it means “to stand, be located, stay, stand still, exist”, and also “to rise again” and “to begin”.^(Schützeichel 2012|309)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Until the 19th century ''stehen'' could also mean entering the state, “to take one's stand, step”, as it still does in southern German, with the perfect formed with ''sein'';^(Paul 2002) Luther writes ''stehe auf deine Füße'' “stand on your feet”, and Schiller ''sagt, wo ich hinstehn soll'' “say where I should stand”.^(Paul 2002) It now means to remain upright on one's feet, in contrast to ''gehen'' and ''sitzen''.^(Paul 2002) Phrases include ''zu jemandem stehen'' “to stand by someone”, ''für etwas stehen'' “to vouch for, represent”, ''Wache stehen'' “to stand guard” and ''seinen Mann stehen'' “to hold one's own”.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ Luther also used the form ''stahn''.^(Paul 2002) The past ''stund'' gave way to ''stand'' and has been archaic since the end of the 18th century; the subjunctive ''stünde'' remained general until the late 19th century, and ''stände'', used consistently first by Wieland, prevails only in the 20th century.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 8th century – Old High German ''stān'', ''stēn'' is first recorded.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Kluge 2011|880)

+ * 14th century – The spelling ''stehen'' appears in Central German.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 16th century – Luther uses the form ''stahn''.^(Paul 2002)

+ * 18th century – Wieland is the first to use the subjunctive ''stände'' throughout.^(Paul 2002)

+ * Late 18th century – The past ''stund'' becomes archaic.^(Paul 2002)

+ * 20th century – ''stände'' prevails over ''stünde''.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|stand]]: to be upright on one's feet.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To stand, be: to be in a place, usually upright.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(Switzerland)'' To take one's place, step.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # To be written (in a book, on a sign).^(Wiktionary)

+ # To stand still, have stopped.^(Wiktionary)

+ # To be (in a certain state or position).^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(with dative)'' To [[m|en|suit]] (of clothes or colours).^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''für etwas stehen'': to represent, stand for.^(Wiktionary)^(Paul 2002)

+ # ''zu jemandem stehen'': to [[m|en|support]], stand by someone.^(Wiktionary)^(Paul 2002)

+ # ''(colloquial) auf jemanden stehen'': to fancy someone.^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(impersonal)'' Used for the current score in a game.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[abstehen]]

+ * [[aufstehen]]

+ * [[auferstehen]]

+ * [[ausstehen]]

+ * [[beistehen]]

+ * [[bestehen]]

+ * [[einstehen]]

+ * [[entstehen]]

+ * [[erstehen]]

+ * [[gestehen]]

+ * [[unterstehen]]

+ * [[verstehen]]

+ * [[vorstehen]]

+ * [[widerstehen]]

+ * [[zustehen]]

+ * [[gestanden]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[Stand]]

+ * [[Stunde]]

+ * [[Stadt]]

+ * [[Statt]]

+ * [[Stuhl]]

+ * [[stet]]

+ * [[Gestade]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ In southern Germany, Austria and Switzerland the perfect is formed with ''sein'' (''ich bin gestanden''), elsewhere with ''haben''.^(Duden GWDS 1999) ''Hier stehe ich, ich kann nicht anders'' (“here I stand, I can do no other”) is attributed to Luther at the Diet of Worms in 1521.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}