deutsch German · revision 35380

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=786 (Medieval Latin theodiscus); German diutisc 10th century|origins=ine-pro *tewtéh₂}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /dɔʏ̯t͡ʃ/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''deutsch''' (strong nominative masculine singular deutscher, comparative deutscher, superlative am deutschesten)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|diutisch]], [[inh|goh|diutisc]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*þiudisk]], [[inh|gem-pro|*þiudiskaz|t=of the people]], an adjective with the suffix [[m|gem-pro|*-iskaz]] (modern [[-isch]]) formed from [[m|gem-pro|*þeudō|t=people]].^(Kluge 2011|194)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Wiktionary)^(Duden 7 2014) That noun is [[got|𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰|tr=þiuda]], [[non|þjóð]], [[ang|þēod]], [[osx|thiod]] and Old High German [[m|goh|diot]], later [[m|gmh|diet]], which survives in names such as [[Dietrich]].^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Kluge 2011|194)^(Duden 7 2014) It is related to [[sga|túath|t=people, tribe, land]], [[lt|tauta|alt=tautà|t=people, nation]] and [[osc|touto]], from [[ine-pro|*tewtéh₂|t=tribe, people]];^(Kluge 2011|194)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Wiktionary) Kluge doubts a link with the Hittite word for “army”.^(Kluge 2011|194) Pfeifer puts the noun, like [[tausend]], with a root meaning “to swell”, so that it first meant “the great, powerful multitude”;^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Kluge 2011|194) Kluge, under [[deuten]], starts from “strength, power”.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Kluge 2011|194)

+

+ The adjective first meant “belonging to the people”; because the vowels of the noun and the adjective differ, it must be old.^(Kluge 2011|194) The Grimms' revised dictionary dates it to about 700, when [[frk|*þeodisk]] was formed on the boundary between Romance and Germanic speech as the opposite of [[m|frk|*walhisk|t=Romance]], perhaps translating [[la|vulgāris]].^(DWB2|6, 811)^(Pfeifer 1993) Duden instead thinks of a loan translation of [[grc|ἐθνικός|tr=ethnikós]] or [[m|la|gentīlis]].^(Duden 7 2014) [[m|got|𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉|tr=þiudiskō|t=in a heathen way]] matches it in form, but is an independent rendering of [[m|grc|ἐθνικῶς|tr=ethnikōs]].^(Kluge 2011|194)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(DWB2|6, 811)

+

+ The word is first found in Latin dress, as [[la-med|theodiscus]], which was displaced around 1050 by [[m|la-med|teutonicus]].^(Pfeifer 1993)^(DWB2|6, 811) The initial ⟨t⟩ of [[m|gmh|tiutsch]] and later [[teutsch]] is put down to the influence of the Latin word.^(EWA|2, 699)^(Wiktionary) From [[dum|duutsc]] comes English [[m|en|Dutch]]; [[it|tedesco]] and [[es|tudesco]] come from the Medieval Latin form.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(DWB2|6, 811)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The word first appears in Medieval Latin: in 786 the decisions of a synod in England were to be read out ''tam latine quam theodisce'', “in Latin as well as in the vernacular”, and in 788 the verdict on Duke Tassilo cites a word ''quod theodisca lingua harisliz dicitur'' (“which in the people's language is called harisliz”).^(EWA|2, 699) In German form it appears in the 9th century as ''thiutisce'' “in the vernacular”, in a Freising commentary on Donatus and a Kassel gloss, and the adjective ''diutisc'' “of the people's language, German” from the 10th century;^(EWA|2, 699)^(Köbler AHD) Notker uses it.^(EWA|2, 699)^(Köbler AHD)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ At first the word named the Germanic vernacular in contrast to Latin; with the Romanization of the West Franks it came to be used in contrast to Romance.^(Kluge 2011|194) From about 830 it was also applied to political matters, and at the beginning of the 10th century the Latin words were restricted to the language and the realm of the East Franks, the later German kingdom.^(DWB2|6, 811)^(Pfeifer 1993) In the 10th and 11th centuries it became the general name for the continental Germanic languages; the Dutch also called their own language ''deutsch'' (''Dietsc'' in Flanders, ''Duutsc'' in Holland) until ''Nederlands'' replaced it from the 16th century.^(Kluge 2011|194)

+

+ From the contrast between the people's language and learned Latin came the sense “plain, frank”: ''teutsch mit einem reden'' is in Brant in 1494.^(Paul 2002)^(Pfeifer 1993) The spelling ''teutsch'' was common until the 16th and 17th centuries;^(Paul 2002)^(Pfeifer 1993) Gottsched and Adelung rejected it, and in the 19th century it marked a self-consciously patriotic attitude.^(Paul 2002)^(Pfeifer 1993) [[Deutschland]] arose from phrases such as ''in Diutischemi lande'' in the ''Annolied'' (about 1085), and the written form as one word became general only in the 16th century.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Kluge 2011|194)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 786 – Medieval Latin ''theodisce'' “in the vernacular” at a synod in England.^(EWA|2, 699)^(DWB2|6, 811)

+ * 788 – ''theodisca lingua'' in the verdict on Tassilo.^(EWA|2, 699)

+ * c. 830 – First political use of ''theodiscus''.^(DWB2|6, 811)

+ * 9th century – ''thiutisce'' in a Freising commentary on Donatus.^(EWA|2, 699)

+ * c. 1050 – ''teutonicus'' has displaced ''theodiscus''.^(DWB2|6, 811)

+ * c. 1085 – ''in Diutischemi lande'' in the ''Annolied''.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * c. 1150 – ''Diutisk lant'' in the ''Kaiserchronik''.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 1494 – Brant: ''teutsch mit einem reden'' “to speak plainly with someone”.^(Paul 2002)

+ * 1748 – Gottsched rejects the spelling ''teutsch''.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # [[m|en|German]]: of the German people.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # German: of [[m|en|Germany]].^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # German: of or in the German [[m|en|language]].^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # In German script (''deutsch schreiben'').^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[Deutsch]]

+ * [[Deutscher]]

+ * [[Deutschland]]

+ * [[verdeutschen]]

+ * [[hochdeutsch]]

+ * [[niederdeutsch]]

+ * [[plattdeutsch]]

+ * [[bundesdeutsch]]

+ * [[altdeutsch]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[deuten]]

+ * [[Dietrich]]

+ * [[en|Dutch]]

+ * [[nl|Duits]]

+ * [[it|tedesco]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Mit jemandem deutsch reden'' means to tell someone plainly what one thinks; the phrase is recorded from the second half of the 15th century.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Pfeifer 1993) ''Auf gut Deutsch'' means “in plain terms”.^(Duden GWDS 1999) The name of the language is the noun ''Deutsch''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}