teuer German · revision 35377

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=late 8th century, Old High German glosses|origins=gem-pro *diurijaz}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /tɔʏ̯ɐ/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''teuer''' (strong nominative masculine singular teurer, comparative teurer, superlative am teuersten)^(Wiktionary)

+ The older spelling is ''theuer''.^(Wiktionary)^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|tiure]], [[inh|goh|tiuri|t=precious, dear, esteemed]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*diurī]], [[inh|gem-pro|*diurijaz|t=dear, precious]].^(Kluge 2011|915)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Wiktionary) The same word is [[osx|diuri]], [[non|dýrr]], [[ang|dēore]] and [[ofs|diūre]], continued in [[en|dear]], [[nl|duur]] and [[sv|dyr]]; it is missing only in Gothic.^(Kluge 2011|915)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Kroonen 2013) Finnish borrowed the Germanic word early.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ Its origin is unclear.^(Kluge 2011|915)^(Duden 7 2020)^(Kroonen 2013) It is related to [[dauern]] “to feel sorry”, but has no secure connection outside Germanic.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020) Kluge tentatively suggests an r-formation from [[ine-pro|*dʰegʷʰ-|t=to warm, burn]], so first “cherished”, comparing [[la|foveō|t=to warm, cherish]] and [[lt|degti|t=to burn]].^(Kluge 2011|915)^(Wahrig Herkunftswörterbuch)^(Wiktionary) Kroonen, who finds no accepted etymology, sees a vṛddhi formation meaning “to be mourned”, beside the verb behind [[bedauern]], which may itself be a dissimilated form of [[trauern]].^(Kroonen 2013)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old High German ''tiuri'' is first recorded in glosses of the end of the 8th century, then in Tatian, Otfrid and Notker, meaning “costly, precious, valuable; dear; esteemed; extraordinary”;^(Köbler AHD)^(Schützeichel 2012|332) ''tiuri stein'' was a gem.^(Köbler AHD)^(Schützeichel 2012|332)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Duden notes that the senses “dear, valued” and “costing much” were already both present in the older stages of the language.^(Duden 7 2020) Paul traces the first, “valuable, precious”, applied in Early New High German to persons (“excellent”) and now only relative to someone who values the person or thing, as in Adelung's ''Mein theuerster Freund!'' (1780) or Schiller's ''ans Vaterland, ans teure''.^(Paul 2002) The sense “high-priced” is also early, in Luther's ''teure Zeit'' “time of high prices” (Matthew 24:7) and the threat ''das kommt dich teuer zu stehen''.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ An old sense “scarce, hard to get” survives in ''da ist guter Rat teuer'' “it is hard to know what to do”.^(Paul 2002) From ''hoch und teuer'' in oaths came [[beteuern]] “to affirm solemnly” in the early 17th century.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Paul 2002) [[Teuerung]], Middle High German ''tiurunge'', meant “price” into the 18th century and now means a rise in prices.^(Paul 2002)^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * Late 8th century – Old High German ''tiuri'' in glosses.^(Köbler AHD)

+ * 863–871 – The adverb ''tiuro'' in Otfrid.^(Köbler AHD)

+ * 1077–1081 – Middle High German ''tiure'' in the Annolied.^(Köbler MHD)

+ * 15th century – ''beteurung'' “assurance”.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * Early 17th century – ''beteuern'' in its modern sense.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 1780 – Adelung's dictionary has ''Mein theuerster Freund!''.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # [[m|en|expensive]], costing much: ''ein teures Hotel'';^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary) ''jemandem teuer zu stehen kommen'' “to cost someone dear”.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(elevated)'' [[m|en|dear]], [[m|en|precious]], highly valued: ''meine teure Schwester'';^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary) ''(jocular)'' ''meine Teuerste'' “my dearest”.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[Teuerung]]

+ * [[sauteuer]]

+ * [[schweineteuer]]

+ * [[sündteuer]]

+ * [[Teuro]]

+ * [[beteuern]]

+ * [[verteuern]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[dauern]]

+ * [[bedauern]]

+ * [[en|dear]]

+ * [[en|darling]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}