erhöhen German · revision 35369

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=9th century, Old High German glosses|origins=gem-pro *hauhaz}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ɛɐ̯ˈhøːən/, [ʔɛʁˈhøːən]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''erhöhen''' (third-person singular present erhöht, past tense erhöhte, past participle erhöht, auxiliary haben)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|erhœhen]], [[inh|goh|irhōhen]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*uʀhauhijan|t=to raise]], formed with the prefix [[er-]] from the verb [[höhen]], itself from [[hoch]].^(DWB2|8, 1825)^(Wiktionary)^(Kluge 2011|419)^(Duden 7 2020|373) The same formation is [[gml|erhȫgen]], [[dum|erhogen]] and [[odt|irhōen]].^(DWB2|8, 1825)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ That adjective is [[gmh|hōch]], [[goh|hōh]], [[gem-pro|*hauhaz|t=high]], also in [[got|𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍃|tr=hauhs]], [[non|hár]] and [[ang|hēah]].^(Kluge 2011|419)^(Kroonen 2013) Its further origin is unclear.^(Kluge 2011|419) Kluge compares perhaps Tocharian B [[m|txb|kauc|t=up, high]] and connects it with [[sa|शवीर|tr=śávīra|t=strong, mighty]] and [[grc|κύριος|tr=kúrios|t=lord]], from an original sense “great, strong”, rather than with [[Hügel]].^(Kluge 2011|419) Pfeifer and the Duden dictionary instead take both words from the root [[ine-pro|*kewk-|t=to bend, arch]], so that the adjective first meant “arched upwards”.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020|373) Kroonen reconstructs [[ine-pro|*kóuk-o-]].^(Kroonen 2013)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old High German ''irhōhen'' first appears in a 9th-century gloss, rendering Latin [[m|la|inaltō|alt=inaltavit]] “has raised high” in a verse about a heap of grain.^(DWB2|8, 1825) Köbler lists the Old High German verb with the senses “to raise, praise, glorify”.^(Köbler MHD)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Middle High German ''erhœhen'' meant to lift up, raise the Cross, set up, glorify, raise in rank or reputation, praise, strengthen and increase.^(Köbler MHD) In the 14th century it could also mean to hang someone on the gallows: an Austrian chronicle tells how Alexander had Darius's murderers ''erhöhen''.^(DWB2|8, 1825) Luther's Bible uses it for Moses lifting up the serpent and for the Son of Man being lifted up.^(DWB2|8, 1825)

+

+ Today the commonest sense is “to increase” prices, taxes or speed.^(Duden GWDS 1999) In music it means to raise a note by a semitone.^(Duden GWDS 1999) The saying ''Wer sich selbst erhöht, der wird erniedrigt'' comes from Matthew 23:12.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 9th century – Old High German ''irhōhit'' glosses Latin ''inaltavit''.^(DWB2|8, 1825)

+ * 14th century – Used for hanging someone on the gallows in an Austrian chronicle.^(DWB2|8, 1825)

+ * c. 1466 – The first printed German Bible uses ''derhöhen'' of Moses lifting up the serpent.^(DWB2|8, 1825)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To make higher, [[m|en|raise]]: ''Der Deich wurde um zwei Meter erhöht.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To [[m|en|increase]], raise prices, taxes, speed and the like: ''Die Bahn erhöht die Preise.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(reflexive)'' To increase, rise: ''Die Zahl der Teilnehmer hat sich auf 50 erhöht.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # To raise someone in rank; to [[m|en|exalt]].^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(music)'' To raise a note by a [[m|en|semitone]].^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[Erhöhung]]

+ * [[erhöht]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[hoch]]

+ * [[Höhe]]

+ * [[Hoheit]]

+ * [[en|high]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}