Jugend German · revision 35367

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=8th century, Old High German glosses|origins=ine-pro *h₂yuHn̥tís}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈjuːɡənt/, [ˈjuːɡŋ̍t]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''Jugend''' ''f'' (genitive Jugend, no plural)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|jugent]], [[inh|goh|jugund]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*jugunþi|t=youth]].^(Kluge 2011|458)^(Kroonen 2013)^(Wiktionary)^(EWA|5, 306) The same word is [[osx|juguð]], [[ang|geoguþ]], [[nl|jeugd]] and [[en|youth]].^(Kluge 2011|458)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Kroonen 2013)

+

+ It is an abstract noun with the suffix ⟨-ti-⟩ formed to the Indo-European adjective for “young” that also underlies [[jung]]: [[sa|युवन्|tr=yúvan|t=young]], [[la|iuvenis]], [[lt|jaunas|alt=jáunas]].^(Kluge 2011|458)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020|405) The closest parallels are [[sa|युवति|tr=yuvatí|t=young woman]], [[m|la|iuventūs|t=youth]] and Old Irish [[m|sga|oítiu]].^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Kluge 2011|458) Kroonen reconstructs [[ine-pro|*h₂yuHn̥tís|alt=*h₂iu-Hn-ti-]].^(Kroonen 2013)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ The /g/ is a West Germanic development: Kluge and Kroonen explain it from an older *juwunþi-, in which /w/ between two high vowels became /g/,^(Kluge 2011|458)^(Kroonen 2013) while Pfeifer and Wiktionary also consider the influence of [[Tugend]].^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Wiktionary) [[got|𐌾𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍃|tr=junds]] avoided the change;^(Kluge 2011|458)^(Kroonen 2013) Kroonen notes that a Gothic feminine often cited beside the Latin one is a ghost form.^(Kluge 2011|458)^(Kroonen 2013)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old High German ''jugund'' is recorded from the 8th century in glosses and in Isidor, then in the Tatian, Otfrid and Notker, meaning youth, the age of a young man, puberty and also virginity.^(EWA|5, 306)^(Schützeichel 2012|170)^(Köbler AHD)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Middle High German ''jugent'' meant both youth as a time of life and young people, boys.^(EWA|5, 306)^(Pfeifer 1993) In older usage it was mainly opposed to ''Alter'' “old age” rather than to childhood.^(Paul 2002) Josua Maaler's dictionary of 1561 speaks of the youth “which has no beard”, while for legal purposes the dictionaries of Dasypodius (1536) and Serranus (1539) limit it to the years from 21 to 28.^(Paul 2002) The collective sense “young people” is in Maaler too, and compounds like ''Dorfjugend'' (1782) followed.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ The adjective [[jugendlich]] goes back to Middle High German ''jugentlich''.^(Duden 7 2020|405) [[Jugendstil]] (late 19th century) is named after the Munich magazine ''Jugend'', and [[Jugendherberge]] and ''Jugendweihe'' are 20th-century compounds.^(Duden 7 2020|405)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 8th century – Old High German ''jugund'' appears in glosses and Isidor.^(EWA|5, 306)^(Köbler AHD)

+ * 1561 – Maaler's dictionary records the collective sense “young people”.^(Paul 2002)

+ * 1782 – ''Dorfjugend'' “village youth” is recorded.^(Paul 2002)

+ * Late 19th century – ''Jugendstil'' is named after the magazine ''Jugend''.^(Duden 7 2020|405)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|youth|alt=Youth]]: the time of being young, between childhood and adulthood: ''In seiner Jugend spielte er Fußball.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(biology, medicine)'' The early stage of growth of a living thing.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # The state of being young; youthful freshness and vigour.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # Young people collectively: ''die Jugend von heute''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[jugendlich]]

+ * [[Jugendlicher]]

+ * [[Jugendstil]]

+ * [[Jugendherberge]]

+ * [[Jugendamt]]

+ * [[Jugendzeit]]

+ * [[Hitlerjugend]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[jung]]

+ * [[Junge]]

+ * [[en|youth]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Die reifere Jugend'' ''(humorous)'' means people who are no longer young but not yet old.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}