verbinden German · revision 35351

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=c. 1000, Notker|origins=ine-pro *bʰendʰ-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * [fɛɐ̯ˈbɪndn̩], [fɛɐ̯ˈbɪndən]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''verbinden''' (class 3 strong, third-person singular present verbindet, past tense verband, past participle verbunden, past subjunctive verbände, auxiliary haben)^(Wiktionary)

+ The verb is mostly strong, though weak forms occur in New High German.^(DWB|25, 115) The past plural ''verbanden'' replaced the older ''verbunden'' by analogy with the singular.^(DWB|25, 115) The old past subjunctive ''verbünde'' lasted until about the end of the 17th century and then gave way to ''verbände''.^(DWB|25, 115)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|verbinden]], [[inh|goh|firbintan|t=to bind up, bandage]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*frabindan]], made of the prefix [[ver-]] and [[binden]].^(Wiktionary)^(Köbler AHD)^(Kluge 2011|124) The same compound is [[ang|forbindan]], [[ofs|forbinda]] and [[nl|verbinden]].^(DWB|25, 115)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ The simple verb is [[gem-pro|*bindaną]], also in [[got|𐌱𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽|tr=bindan]], [[non|binda]] and [[ang|bindan]], continued in [[en|bind]].^(Kluge 2011|124)^(Kroonen 2013) It comes from [[ine-pro|*bʰendʰ-|t=to bind]], whose verb survives in [[sa|बध्नाति|tr=badhnā́ti|t=binds]], while the other languages have only derivatives such as [[grc|πεῖσμα|tr=peîsma|t=ship's cable]], [[la|offendix|t=chin strap of a priest's cap]] and [[lt|bendras|alt=beñdras|t=companion]].^(Kluge 2011|124)^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ Apart from the sense “to bind wrongly”, where it marks a mistake, the prefix only strengthens the simple verb, in two directions: covering by binding, and joining firmly together.^(DWB|25, 115)^(Adelung 1793)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old High German ''firbintan'' is recorded around 1000 in Notker, meaning to bind up or bandage; the Grimms' dictionary quotes his ''nieht ne ferbint den mund demo rinde'' (“do not bind up the mouth of the ox”, Deuteronomy 25:4).^(Köbler AHD)^(DWB|25, 115) In the Middle High German Parzival, Gawan binds wounds with a lady's headcloth: ''die wunden verbant''.^(DWB|25, 115)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The concrete sense of covering with a bandage or cloth (a wound, the eyes) is still current.^(Paul 2002)^(DWB|25, 115) In the sense “to join” the image of binding gradually faded, so that a canal ''verbindet'' two rivers and a railway two towns, chemical elements ''verbinden sich'', and people unite for a common aim or in marriage.^(Paul 2002) Transferred, it meant to oblige or bind by a vow, which survives in the courtesy phrase ''ich bin Ihnen sehr verbunden'' “I am much obliged to you” and in ''verbindlich'' (end of the 16th century), “binding”, later “courteous”.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ''Verbindung'' is recorded from the 15th century; in the sense “students' fraternity” Paul quotes it from Gutzkow.^(Paul 2002) In bookbinding, ''ein Buch verbinden'' is to bind it wrongly.^(Paul 2002)^(Adelung 1793) The telephone sense “to put through” is the latest.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 1000 – Notker uses Old High German ''firbintan'' “to bind up”.^(Köbler AHD)^(DWB|25, 115)

+ * 15th century – ''Verbindung'' is recorded.^(Paul 2002)

+ * End of the 16th century – ''verbindlich'' appears.^(Paul 2002)

+ * End of the 17th century – The subjunctive ''verbünde'' gives way to ''verbände''.^(DWB|25, 115)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|bandage]] a wound or an injured person: ''sie verband ihm das Knie''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To cover with a cloth or band: ''jemandem die Augen verbinden'', to [[m|en|blindfold]] someone.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # ''(bookbinding)'' To bind a book wrongly.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Paul 2002)

+ # To [[m|en|join]] or fasten together into a whole: ''zwei Kabel miteinander verbinden''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(reflexive)'' To combine and form something new: ''Öl verbindet sich nicht mit Wasser''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary DE)

+ # To [[m|en|connect]] separate places or things: ''eine Brücke verbindet die beiden Ufer''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Paul 2002)

+ # ''(telephony)'' To [[m|en|put through]] a caller.^(Wiktionary)^(Wiktionary DE)

+ # To associate or combine qualities, ideas or activities: ''Arbeit mit Vergnügen verbinden''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[verbindlich]]

+ * [[Verbindung]]

+ * [[Verband]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[entbinden]]

+ * [[binden]]

+ * [[Bund]]

+ * [[Band]]

+ * [[Binde]]

+ * [[en|bind]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Jemandem verbunden sein'' is a polite way of saying that one is obliged or grateful to someone.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}