entwickeln German · revision 35349

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation, calque|attested=1592}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ʔɛntˈvɪkl̩n/, /ʔɛntˈvɪkəln/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''entwickeln''' (third-person singular present entwickelt, past tense entwickelte, past participle entwickelt, auxiliary haben)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is formed [[af|de|ent-|wickeln]] at the end of the 16th century.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(DWB2|8, 1530) Kluge holds that it was formed under the influence of [[la|explicō|t=to unfold, explain]] and [[fr|évoluer]], which is why it was hardly ever used for literal unwinding.^(Kluge 2011|249) Wiktionary calls it a calque of [[m|fr|développer]].^(Wiktionary) The same formation is [[nl|ontwikkelen]].^(DWB|3, 658)

+

+ The base verb is derived from [[Wickel]], a diminutive of [[gmh|wicke|t=bundle of fibres, wick]], related to [[en|wick]] and traced to [[ine-pro|*weg-|t=to weave, knot]].^(Duden 7 2020|932)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The first record, of 1592, is reflexive: Ulenberg speaks of a doubt ''daraus du dich nicht kanst entwickeln'' (“from which you cannot extricate yourself”).^(DWB2|8, 1530)^(Paul 2002) The Grimms found it first in a dictionary in Stieler (1691).^(DWB|3, 658)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The literal sense “to unwrap, disentangle” was used only sparingly, as the opposite of ''einwickeln'', mostly in figurative phrases.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Paul 2002) In the 18th century the idea of disentangling something tangled led to “to set out, explain (a complex matter)” and “to solve a riddle”;^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Kluge 2011|249)^(Paul 2002) Goethe says that he likes to ''entwickeln'' charades and riddles.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Kluge 2011|249)^(Paul 2002) The verb became widely recorded only in the second half of the 18th century, after the transferred senses had formed.^(DWB2|8, 1530)

+

+ The reflexive spread to gradual formation and growth, so that talents, organisms and situations ''entwickeln sich''.^(Kluge 2011|249)^(Paul 2002) Mathematicians ''entwickeln'' an equation, and in the 19th century photography adopted it, after English “develop”, with ''Entwickler'' for the developing fluid around 1860.^(Paul 2002)^(Pfeifer 1993) Around 1800 Campe proposed ''Entwicklung'' as a German word for ''Evolution''.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1592 – First record, in the reflexive sense “to extricate oneself”.^(DWB2|8, 1530)

+ * 1691 – Stieler lists the verb in his dictionary.^(DWB|3, 658)

+ * 18th century – The senses “to explain” and “to solve” appear.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * Second half of the 18th century – The verb becomes widely recorded.^(DWB2|8, 1530)

+ * c. 1800 – Campe proposes ''Entwicklung'' for ''Evolution''.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * c. 1860 – ''Entwickler'' names the photographic developer.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # ''(reflexive)'' To arise gradually, to [[m|en|emerge]] by stages: ''aus dem Streit entwickelte sich eine Freundschaft''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(reflexive)'' Of a living being or plant, to grow and [[m|en|mature]]; of a process, to progress: ''das Geschäft entwickelt sich gut''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # To bring to a higher level;^(Duden GWDS 1999) ''(reflexive)'' to turn gradually into something new: ''das Dorf hat sich zu einer Kleinstadt entwickelt''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # To produce or give off in a process: ''der Ofen entwickelt viel Wärme''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # To show or [[m|en|develop]] a skill or quality: ''Geduld entwickeln''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To work out a product, method or plan: ''ein neues Medikament entwickeln''.^(Paul 2002)^(Wiktionary DE)

+ # To set out in detail, to [[m|en|expound]]: ''einen Gedanken entwickeln''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # ''(photography)'' To make the image on a film visible with chemicals.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary DE)

+ # ''(military)'' To [[m|en|deploy]] troops for battle.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[Entwicklung]]

+ * [[weiterentwickeln]]

+ * [[Entwickler]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[wickeln]]

+ * [[einwickeln]]

+ * [[abwickeln]]

+ * [[Wickel]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}