ergeben German · revision 35344

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=8th century, Old High German|origins=gem-pro *gebaną}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ɛʁˈɡeːbən/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''ergeben''' (class 5 strong, third-person singular present ergibt, past tense ergab, past participle ergeben, past subjunctive ergäbe, auxiliary haben)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|ergëben]], [[inh|goh|irgeban|t=to give up, hand over]], formed with the prefix [[er-]] from [[geben]].^(Kluge 2011|254)^(DWB2|8, 1753)^(Wiktionary) Wiktionary traces it to [[gmw-pro|*uʀgeban]] and [[gem-pro|*uzgebaną|t=to give up, repay]], also continued in the obsolete English [[m|en|agive]].^(Wiktionary)

+

+ That verb is [[gmh|geben]], [[goh|geban]], [[gem-pro|*gebaną]], also in [[got|𐌲𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌽|tr=giban]], [[non|gefa]] and [[ang|giefan]].^(Kluge 2011|337)^(Pfeifer 1993) Kluge finds no direct match outside Germanic; the nearest is a root [[ine-pro|*gʰabʰ-|t=to take, hold]] in [[la|habeō|t=to have]], [[sga|gaibid|t=takes]] and [[lt|gabénti|t=to bring, transport]], which fits neither in vowel nor in meaning.^(Kluge 2011|337)^(Pfeifer 1993) Pfeifer also calls the origin uncertain.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The verb is recorded in German from the 8th century, though the earliest glosses are uncertain.^(DWB2|8, 1753) In the Murbach Hymns of the early 9th century ''harcheban'' renders Latin [[m|la|reddō|alt=redditur]] “is given back”, of the sacrifice of the Lamb, and Notker writes ''ergib mir dîa freuui'' “restore to me the joy”, translating ''redde mihi laetitiam''.^(DWB2|8, 1753) Old High German ''irgeban'' meant to give up, hand over, abandon, give back and report.^(Schützeichel 2012|124)^(Köbler AHD)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In Middle High German it could mean to surrender a castle or town, and Luther still wrote of a people giving its neck under the king's yoke.^(DWB2|8, 1753)^(Paul 2002) The reflexive ''sich ergeben'' became the main use: “to surrender”, the most important sense according to Kluge, and “to give oneself up” to God's will, to fate or to a passion, as in Goethe's ''Drum hab' ich mich der Magie ergeben''.^(Kluge 2011|254)^(Paul 2002) From the 14th century ''sich ergeben'' also meant “to result, follow”, which led to the transitive “to show, yield as a result”.^(Paul 2002) [[Ergebnis]] was formed around 1800 for ''Resultat''.^(Duden 7 2020|304)

+

+ The past participle, used as an adjective, and the noun [[Ergebung]] were narrowed to “submissive, devoted” and “submission”.^(Kluge 2011|254) Hartmann's ''Erec'' (about 1185) already has ''gote ergeben'' “devoted to God”, and the superlative ''ergebenst'' is found in courteous phrases from the 17th century, such as ''auf das ergebenste'' in Goethe.^(DWB2|8, 1753)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 8th century – Old High German ''irgeban'' is recorded in glosses.^(Kluge 2011|254)^(DWB2|8, 1753)

+ * Before 1022 – Notker writes ''ergib mir dîa freuui''.^(DWB2|8, 1753)

+ * c. 1185 – Hartmann's ''Erec'' uses the participle in the sense “devoted”.^(DWB2|8, 1753)

+ * 14th century – Reflexive ''sich ergeben'' “to result” appears.^(Paul 2002)

+ * c. 1800 – ''Ergebnis'' is formed for ''Resultat''.^(Duden 7 2020|304)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|yield]], produce as a result: ''Die Umfrage ergab ein klares Bild.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(reflexive)'' To result, follow from something; to arise: ''Daraus ergibt sich eine neue Frage.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(reflexive)'' To devote oneself to something, to give oneself up to it: ''sich dem Glücksspiel ergeben''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # ''(reflexive)'' To resign oneself: ''sich in sein Schicksal ergeben''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # ''(reflexive)'' To [[m|en|surrender]], stop resisting: ''Die Soldaten ergaben sich.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ===Adjective===

+ # [[m|en|devoted|alt=Devoted]], loyal; [[m|en|submissive]], humble: ''ein ergebener Anhänger''.^(Wiktionary)^(Wiktionary DE)^(DWB2|8, 1753)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[Ergebnis]]

+ * [[Ergebung]]

+ * [[ergiebig]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[geben]]

+ * [[Gabe]]

+ * [[hingeben]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ The adjective is the past participle of the verb in the sense “to give oneself up”;^(Kluge 2011|254)^(DWB2|8, 1753) Kluge and the Grimm revision treat it under the verb.^(Kluge 2011|254)^(DWB2|8, 1753)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}