Zug German · revision 35343

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=9th century, Old High German glosses|origins=ine-pro *dewk-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /t͡suːk/, /t͡sʊx/, /t͡suːx/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''Zug''' ''m'' (genitive Zuges or Zugs, plural Züge)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|zuc]], [[inh|goh|zug|t=pulling, draught of fish]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*tugi|t=pull, draught]].^(Kluge 2011|1016)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Wiktionary) The same word is [[gml|toch]] and [[ang|tyġe|t=pull, tug, draught]], continued in [[nl|teug]] and related to [[en|tug]].^(Pfeifer 1993)^(DWB|32, 376)^(Wiktionary) The Grimms' dictionary notes that it is missing in Norse and not recorded in Gothic, and takes it to be a West Germanic formation.^(DWB|32, 376)

+

+ It is the verbal abstract of [[ziehen]], formed from the zero grade of the verb with the grammatical change of /h/ to /g/.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Kluge 2011|1016) That verb is [[gem-pro|*teuhaną|t=to pull, lead]], the same word as [[got|𐍄𐌹𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌽|tr=tiuhan|t=to lead]], from [[ine-pro|*dewk-|t=to pull, lead]], also found in [[la|dūcō|t=to lead, draw]].^(Kluge 2011|1009)^(Kroonen 2013)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ Kluge explains the wide range of its later senses partly by the influence of [[fr|train]] and [[m|fr|trait]], both of which first meant “pull”.^(Kluge 2011|1016) The railway sense is shortened from [[Wagenzug]] but also follows [[en|train]];^(Kluge 2011|1016) Duden calls it a loan translation of the English word.^(Duden 7 2020|957)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old High German ''zug'' is first recorded in glosses of the second quarter of the 9th century, meaning a pulling and especially the hauling of a fishing net.^(Köbler AHD)^(Schützeichel 2012|410) Paul notes that an Old High German compound for a dragnet, the ancestor of ''Zuggarn'', already existed.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Middle High German ''zuc'' covered the act of pulling, a move at chess, the stroke of an oar or a fiddle bow, a breath, a delay or respite, a journey or military expedition and a drawn line.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Lexer 1872|3, 1163)^(Köbler MHD) The Grimms' dictionary remarks that the word is thinly recorded in Old and Middle High German but appears in Early New High German with a great variety of senses, many of them developed anew from the start of the 18th century under French influence.^(DWB|32, 376)

+

+ Pfeifer traces three lines: the action of pulling, applied to a lasting movement such as a march or journey, a move in a board game, a breath or a gulp; the thing that pulls, applied to pulling devices in the 15th century, the moving air (the draught) in the 16th and the marching body of troops in the 17th; and the thing drawn, a line made with a pen and, figuratively, a trait of character.^(Pfeifer 1993) From the marching unit came, from about 1840, the sense “a line of carriages drawn by an engine”, the railway train.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020|957) Features of the face (''Gesichtszüge'') were called ''Züge'' from the 17th century after French ''trait'', which in turn gave [[Charakterzug]].^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ''In den letzten Zügen liegen'', to be at one's last breath, refers to the breath and is already found in Luther's Bible;^(Duden 7 2020|957)^(Paul 2002) ''Zug um Zug'' first meant moving alternately in a board game.^(Duden 7 2020|957)^(Paul 2002) German ''Zug'' was borrowed into Polish as ''cug'' (1540), into Russian as ''цуг'' (1702), a line of vehicles one behind another, and into Hungarian as ''cúg'' (1732), a military unit.^(LWP)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 2nd quarter of the 9th century – Old High German ''zug'' appears in glosses.^(Köbler AHD)

+ * 15th century – The word is used for pulling devices.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 1540 – Polish borrows the word as ''cug''.^(LWP)

+ * 1545 – ''Feldzug'' “military campaign” is recorded.^(Paul 2002)

+ * 16th century – First records of the senses “group moving together” in military language and “draught of air”.^(Duden 7 2020|957)

+ * 17th century – ''Züge des Gesichts'' “features”, after French ''trait''.^(Paul 2002)

+ * About 1840 – ''Zug'' comes to mean a railway train.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|train]]: an engine or railcar with the carriages coupled to it, on a railway, tramway or similar line: ''Der Zug nach Leipzig fährt heute von Gleis 4 ab.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A group of people or animals moving along together, a [[m|en|procession]] or column; also the moving along of such a group, as of migrating birds: ''der Zug der Kraniche nach Süden''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A pulling force acting in one direction: ''Das Seil hält einen starken Zug aus.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A device for pulling, such as a cord on a blind or the slide of a [[Posaune|alt=trombone]];^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary) ''(regional)'' a drawer.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(board games)'' A [[m|en|move]]: ''Nach dem Schach war Weiß wieder am Zug.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A [[m|en|gulp]] from a drink, a [[m|en|drag]] on a cigarette, or a deep breath: ''Sie trank die Limonade in einem Zug aus.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A stroke in swimming or rowing.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A [[m|en|draught]] of air, felt as unpleasant; also the draught of a stove or chimney.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A line of writing or drawing;^(Duden GWDS 1999) ''in großen Zügen'', in broad outline.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # A typical line of the face, an expression; a characteristic [[m|en|trait]]: ''Um ihre Augen lag ein müder Zug.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(military)'' A [[m|en|platoon]]; in schools, a branch or stream of study.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # The spiral groove inside the barrel of a gun ([[m|en|rifling]]).^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[zügig]]

+ * [[zugig]]

+ * [[Aufzug]]

+ * [[Atemzug]]

+ * [[Charakterzug]]

+ * [[Feldzug]]

+ * [[Flaschenzug]]

+ * [[Gesichtszug]]

+ * [[Klimmzug]]

+ * [[Kreuzzug]]

+ * [[Luftzug]]

+ * [[Schachzug]]

+ * [[Zugvogel]]

+ * [[Zugzwang]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[ziehen]]

+ * [[Zügel]]

+ * [[Zucht]]

+ * [[Zeug]]

+ * [[Herzog]]

+ * [[en|tug]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Der Zug ist abgefahren'' (“the train has left”) is said colloquially when it is too late to change anything.^(Duden GWDS 1999) ''Etwas in vollen Zügen genießen'' is to enjoy something to the full.^(Duden GWDS 1999) Paul dates the figurative ''das Leben in vollen Zügen genießen'' to the mid-18th century.^(Paul 2002) The Swiss canton and town of Zug are named after the hauling of fishing nets, and then after a stretch of lake with fishing rights.^(Wiktionary DE)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}