include English · revision 3534

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=1402|origins=la claudere}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /ɪnˈkluːd/^(Roach et al. 2011)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|enm|includen]], [[bor|la|inclūdere|t=to shut in, enclose, imprison, insert]],^(Barnhart 1988)^(Etymonline)^(AHD 2000) formed from [[m|la|in-|t=in]] and [[m|la|claudere|t=to shut]].^(Barnhart 1988)^(Etymonline)^(AHD 2000) Klein notes the regular change of the Latin vowel in such compounds, ''claudere'' becoming [[m|la|-clūdere]].^(Klein 1966) It is related to [[close]], [[enclose]], [[conclude]], [[exclude]] and [[seclude]].^(Barnhart 1988)^(Klein 1966)^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ To conceal or hide: 1402;^(Barnhart 1988) Etymonline gives “to shut in, enclose, imprison” from the early 15th century,^(Etymonline) and the OED about 1420.^(OED 1989)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ “To comprise, contain as a part” is recorded before 1420, in Lydgate's ''Troy Book'',^(Barnhart 1988) or about 1430.^(OED 1989) To contain as a subordinate element is from 1526,^(OED 1989) and to place in a class or category from 1560.^(OED 1989) The sense “to shut in” is now obsolete except in the passive.^(SOED 2002) ''Inclusion'' is from 1600.^(Barnhart 1988) The joke ''include me out'', attributed to Samuel Goldwyn, is attested from 1937.^(Etymonline)^(OED 1989)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1402 – to conceal.^(Barnhart 1988)

+ * before 1420 – to comprise (Lydgate).^(Barnhart 1988)

+ * c. 1420 – to shut in.^(OED 1989)

+ * 1526 – to contain as a subordinate element.^(OED 1989)

+ * 1560 – to place in a category.^(OED 1989)

+ * 1600 – ''inclusion''.^(Barnhart 1988)

+ * 1937 – ''include me out''.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Modern meaning==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To take in as a part or member.^(AHD)^(SOED 2002)

+ # To contain as a secondary element.^(AHD)^(OED 1989)

+ # To put into a group, class or total.^(AHD)^(OED 1989)

+ # ''(obsolete)'' To shut in; to [[enclose]].^(SOED 2002)^(OED 1989)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[includable]]

+ * [[preinclude]]

+ * [[reinclude]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[inclusion]]

+ * [[inclusive]]

+ * [[close]]

+ * [[enclose]]

+ * [[conclude]]

+ * [[exclude]]

+ * [[seclude]]

+ * [[preclude]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ The American Heritage Dictionary notes that some writers insist that ''include'' introduce only a partial list, using ''comprise'' or ''consist of'' for a full one,^(AHD) and compares ''include'' with ''comprise'', ''comprehend'', ''embrace'' and ''involve''.^(AHD)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}