Arzt German · revision 35337

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=863–871, Otfrid|origins=grc ἀρχίατρος}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * [aːɐ̯tst], [aːts(t)], [aʁt͡st]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''Arzt''' ''m'' (genitive Arztes or Arzts, plural Ärzte, feminine Ärztin)^(Wiktionary)

+ The Middle High German plural was ''arzâte'', shortened in verse to ''arzte''; the umlauted plural ''Ärzte'' prevailed in the 17th century.^(DWB|1, 577)^(DWB2|3, 322) In Upper German the form ''artzet'' lasted beside ''arzt'' until the end of the 16th century, and later still in Swiss texts.^(DWB2|3, 322)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|arzât]], [[inh|goh|arzāt]], [[bor|la-med|archiater|t=chief physician]], borrowed in pre-literary times.^(Kluge 2011|64) Pfeifer gives the Medieval Latin spelling [[m|la-med|arciater]] beside Late Latin [[m|la-lat|archiāter]].^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020|109) The Latin word is from [[grc|ἀρχίατρος|tr=arkhíatros|t=chief physician]], a compound of [[m|grc|ἀρχι-|tr=arkhi-|t=chief]] and [[m|grc|ἰατρός|tr=iatrós|t=physician]].^(Kluge 2011|64)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Wiktionary) Kluge notes that [[dum|arsatere]] is closer to the Latin source form;^(Kluge 2011|64)^(DWB|1, 577) the Grimms note that the pronunciation of the Latin ⟨chi⟩ or ⟨ci⟩ brought in the hissing sound, as in [[Erzengel]].^(DWB|1, 577) Lexer and the Grimms reject a derivation from [[la-med|artista]].^(Lexer 1872|1, 98)^(DWB|1, 577) [[nl|arts]] is from the High German word.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(DWB2|3, 322)

+

+ The Greek word was the title of the court physicians of ancient rulers, first under the Seleucids at Antioch, then of the town and court physicians of the Roman Empire and the doctors at the court of the Merovingian Franks.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020|109) From the royal courts it passed to the physicians of other lords and in Old High German times became the general name of the profession.^(Duden 7 2020|109) It displaced the Germanic word, [[goh|lāhhi]], the same word as [[got|𐌻𐌴𐌺𐌴𐌹𐍃|tr=lekeis]], [[ang|lǣce]] and [[non|læknir]], and the ancestor of [[en|leech]].^(Kluge 2011|64)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(DWB|1, 577)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old High German ''arzāt'' “physician” is recorded in glosses, in Otfrid (863–871) and in Notker.^(Köbler AHD)^(Schützeichel 2012|41) Köbler also gives the senses embalmer and dealer in ointments.^(Köbler AHD)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Middle High German ''arzât'' meant a physician or healer.^(Köbler MHD) In Early New High German times both the profession and the name were downgraded, beside the learned ''Doktor'', as far as “quack”, but they were later valued again.^(Kluge 2011|64) Duden notes that the word never became truly popular, unlike ''Doktor'', borrowed in the 15th century.^(Duden 7 2020|109) Henisch in 1616 lists compounds such as ''Augenarzt'', ''Ohrenarzt'', ''Wundarzt'' and ''Zahnarzt''.^(Paul 2002) The feminine [[Ärztin]] is recorded from the mid-17th century.^(Duden 7 2020|109) The verb [[verarzten]], colloquial for “to treat, patch up”, dates from the early 20th century.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Paul 2002) The word was borrowed into Slovene as ''arcat''.^(LWP)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 863–871 – Otfrid uses Old High German ''arzāt''.^(Köbler AHD)

+ * 15th century – ''Doktor'' is borrowed and becomes the popular word.^(Duden 7 2020|109)

+ * 1586 – Dutch ''arts'', from the High German word, is recorded.^(LWP)

+ * 1616 – Henisch lists ''Augenarzt'', ''Zahnarzt'' and other compounds.^(Paul 2002)

+ * 17th century – The umlauted plural ''Ärzte'' prevails;^(DWB2|3, 322)^(Duden 7 2020|109) ''Ärztin'' appears.^(DWB2|3, 322)^(Duden 7 2020|109)

+ * 1929 – ''verarzten'' “to treat as a doctor would” is entered in the Duden.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|doctor]] or [[m|en|physician]]: someone who, after studying medicine and clinical training, is licensed to treat the sick: ''Mit dem Fieber solltest du zum Arzt gehen.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[Ärztin]]

+ * [[ärztlich]]

+ * [[verarzten]]

+ * [[Augenarzt]]

+ * [[Hausarzt]]

+ * [[Tierarzt]]

+ * [[Wundarzt]]

+ * [[Zahnarzt]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[Arznei]]

+ * [[Erz-]]

+ * [[Psychiater]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}