jemand German · revision 35315

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=compound|attested=8th century}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈjeːmant/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''jemand''' (genitive jemandes or jemands; dative jemandem or jemand; accusative jemanden or jemand)^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ The dative and accusative were at first the same as the nominative;^(Paul 2002) ''jemandem'' and ''jemanden'', with the endings of the adjective, are found from the 17th century.^(Paul 2002)

+ The form without ''-d'' lasted until the 16th century, as in ''jemann'' in a Livy translation of 1598.^(DWB|10, 2301)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|ieman]], [[inh|goh|ioman]], [[af|goh|io|man|t1=ever, always|t2=man, person]], the ancestors of [[je]] and [[Mann]], so at first “any man at all”.^(Kluge 2011|456)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2014|415) The same compound is [[osx|eoman]], [[gml|ieman]] and [[nl|iemand]];^(Pfeifer 1993)^(DWB|10, 2301) Old English and Old Norse lack it.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(DWB|10, 2301) Gothic did not yet have it as one word, but placed [[got|𐌰𐌹𐍅|tr=aiw|t=ever]] before [[m|got|𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌰|tr=manna|t=person]] in negative sentences.^(DWB|10, 2301)

+

+ The final /d/ is secondary, as in [[niemand]], [[irgend]] and [[Dutzend]].^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Kluge 2011|456)^(Duden 7 2014|415)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old High German ''ioman'' is found in the Weißenburg Catechism (perhaps about 790), Isidor, the Tatian, Otfrid and Notker, meaning “anyone, someone”.^(Köbler AHD)^(Schützeichel 2012|166) Kluge and Pfeifer date it to the 8th century.^(Kluge 2011|456)^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ At first the word referred to any person at all, like Latin ''quisquam''; in New High German it also took over the role of Middle High German ''etewer'', someone definite but not named.^(Paul 2002) A final ''t'' or ''d'' appears early, in Konrad von Megenberg's ''iemant''.^(DWB|10, 2301) From the 15th century on ''iemant'' is almost the only form, and Luther writes ''jemand'' throughout.^(DWB|10, 2301)^(Paul 2002)

+

+ In southern German it is combined with the neuter of an adjective, as in ''jemand Bekanntes'', when the sex of the person is left open;^(Paul 2002) Goethe often writes so.^(Paul 2002) The noun ''ein gewisser Jemand'' is a jocular way of pointing at a known person without naming them.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 8th century – First record of the word.^(Kluge 2011|456)^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * c. 790 – ''ioman'' in the Weißenburg Catechism.^(Köbler AHD)

+ * 14th century – Forms with final ''t'' such as ''iemant'' appear.^(DWB|10, 2301)

+ * 15th century – ''iemant'' becomes the usual form.^(DWB|10, 2301)

+ * 16th century – Luther writes only ''jemand''.^(DWB|10, 2301)^(Paul 2002)

+ * 17th century – The inflected forms ''jemandem'', ''jemanden'' appear.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Pronoun===

+ # A particular person known to the speaker but not named: ''Ich kenne jemanden, der dir das Dach reparieren kann.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A particular person unknown to the speaker: ''An der Tür hat jemand geklingelt.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # Any person at all, [[m|en|anyone]], [[m|en|somebody]]: ''Hat jemand einen Bleistift?''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[niemand]]

+ * [[je]]

+ * [[Mann]]

+ * [[man]]

+ * [[irgend]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Jemand anders'' “someone else” has ''anders'' as an adverb; a dative ''jemand anderm'' is also found.^(Paul 2002) [[niemand]] was formed from ''jemand'' with the negation and behaves in the same way.^(Paul 2002)^(Kluge 2011|655)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}