verwenden German · revision 35305

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=Old High German glosses|origins=gem-pro *wandijaną}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /fɛɐ̯ˈvɛndn̩/, /fɛɐ̯ˈvɛndən/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''verwenden''' (weak or irregular weak, third-person singular present verwendet, past tense verwendete or verwandte, past participle verwendet or verwandt, auxiliary haben)^(Wiktionary)

+ In the senses “to use, spend, employ” the past is ''verwandte'' or ''verwendete'' and the participle ''verwandt'' or ''verwendet''; reflexive ''sich verwenden'' “to intercede” prefers ''verwandte'', ''verwandt''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|verwenden|t=to turn away, turn round]], [[inh|goh|firwenten|t=to avert, hold back]], a prefixed form of [[m|goh|wenten|t=to turn]], the ancestor of [[wenden]].^(Wiktionary)^(Köbler AHD)^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Kluge 2011|982) The same formation is [[gml|vörwenden]].^(Wiktionary)

+

+ The simple verb goes back to [[gem-pro|*wandijaną|t=to turn]], also in [[got|𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽|tr=wandjan]], [[non|venda]] and [[ang|wendan]], the source of [[en|wend]].^(Kluge 2011|982)^(Pfeifer 1993) It is the causative of [[winden]] “to wind”, so properly “to make wind, make turn”.^(Kluge 2011|982)^(Pfeifer 1993) Köbler gives the root as [[ine-pro|*wendʰ-|t=to turn, wind]].^(Köbler AHD)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old High German ''firwenten'' is found only in the glosses, meaning “to turn away, keep back”.^(Schützeichel 2012|379)^(Köbler AHD)^(DWB|25, 2205) Middle High German ''verwenden'' meant to turn away or round, to undo, to change and to lead astray.^(Köbler MHD)^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The old sense “to turn (away)” was still used by Klopstock and Lessing for turning one's face away; today it lives on only in elevated negative phrases such as ''kein Auge von jemandem verwenden''.^(Paul 2002) The sense “to change, transform” belongs to Middle High German and Early New High German, though Goethe still used it.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ The modern meaning grew out of “to turn something in a particular direction”, recorded by Josua Maaler in 1561: one turned money, time or effort to a purpose, which led to “to use, employ”.^(Paul 2002) The reflexive ''sich für jemanden verwenden'' “to intercede for someone” is the same idea applied to one's influence.^(Paul 2002)^(Duden GWDS 1999) The participle took its own course: Early New High German ''verwant'' (15th century), from ''verwenden'' in the sense “to turn towards one another”, became the adjective [[verwandt]] “related”, while ''unverwandt'' “without turning away” describes a fixed gaze.^(Kluge 2011|958)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020|905)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * Old High German – ''firwenten'' “to turn away” appears in a gloss.^(DWB|25, 2205)^(Köbler AHD)

+ * 15th century – The participle ''verwant'' is used as an adjective, the later ''verwandt'' “related”.^(Kluge 2011|958)^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 1561 – Maaler records the sense “to turn something in a particular direction”, the basis of “to use”.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|use]] or [[m|en|employ]] something for a particular purpose: ''Für den Kuchen verwendet sie nur Dinkelmehl.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To [[m|en|spend]] or devote time, effort or money on something: ''Er hat viel Mühe auf die Übersetzung verwandt.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # To employ a person for a task: ''Den neuen Kollegen kann man überall verwenden.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # To make use of knowledge or skills: ''Bei dieser Arbeit kann sie ihr Spanisch gut verwenden.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # ''(reflexive, formal)'' ''sich verwenden'': to [[m|en|intercede]] for someone: ''Der Pfarrer hat sich beim Bürgermeister für die Familie verwendet.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[Verwendung]]

+ * [[verwendbar]]

+ * [[Verwender]]

+ * [[verwandt]]

+ * [[unverwandt]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[anwenden]]

+ * [[wenden]]

+ * [[winden]]

+ * [[gewandt]]

+ * [[en|wend]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}