Liste German · revision 35304

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=1597|origins=gem-pro *leistō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈlɪstə/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''Liste''' ''f'' (genitive Liste, plural Listen)^(Wiktionary)

+ The word was first used with the Italian ending, ''Lista'', and kept it in commercial language into the 18th century; from the German plural ''Listen'', and probably under the influence of French ''liste'', a new singular ''Liste'' arose at the beginning of the 17th century.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(DFWB) Wallhausen has ''Liste'' in 1616, while Nehring's lexicon still gives ''lista'' in 1736.^(DFWB)^(DWB|12, 1069)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[bor|it|lista|t=strip, border; list]], borrowed at the end of the 16th century.^(Kluge 2011|580)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020|516) The Italian word, like [[la-med|lista|t=edge, border, strip]], came from the Germanic word continued in [[goh|līsta|t=edge, hem, border]], [[m|gmh|līste]] and modern [[Leiste]], which probably reached Romance early through trade.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(DFWB)^(Paul 2002) In Italian bookkeeping the sense “strip, border” developed into “row” and then “list in a column”.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(DWB|12, 1069) Adelung explains that such lists were once written on long narrow strips of parchment.^(Adelung 1793|2, 2080) The word thus came back to German from Romance, as a doublet of the native word for a strip or border.^(Paul 2002)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ The Germanic noun is [[gem-pro|*leistō]], also found in [[non|lista|t=edge]] and [[ang|līste|t=hem, border]].^(Kluge 2011|571)^(Orel 2003) Its origin is unclear: Kluge suggests that it started from the sense “track” and belongs with [[Leisten]] “shoemaker's last”.^(Kluge 2011|571) The same borrowing is [[nl|lijst]], [[en|list]], [[fr|liste]] and [[sv|lista]].^(Kluge 2011|580)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The first record, of 1597, has the Italian form: ''ein Lysta alter vnd newer Restanten'' “a list of old and new arrears”.^(DFWB)^(Paul 2002) It was at first a word of commercial bookkeeping, for an inventory or catalogue.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(DWB|12, 1069)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ From the language of merchants the word passed into general use, for lists of members, ships and the dead.^(DWB|12, 1069)^(Paul 2002) Adelung speaks of entering soldiers in the ''Liste'' and of lists of births and deaths.^(Adelung 1793|2, 2080) It is also short for [[Wahlliste]], a list of candidates for an election.^(Paul 2002)^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ A ''schwarze Liste'' is a secret list of suspect persons or banned books;^(Paul 2002)^(Duden GWDS 1999) Peter Weiss writes in 1964 of someone who is “on Marat's black lists”.^(Paul 2002)^(Duden GWDS 1999) Hungarian borrowed ''lista'' “list” in 1661.^(LWP)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 10th century – Old High German ''līsta'' “strip, border” is recorded.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 1597 – First record of ''Lysta'' “list”, still with the Italian ending.^(DFWB)^(Paul 2002)

+ * 1616 – The German form ''Liste'' appears in Wallhausen.^(DFWB)^(Paul 2002)

+ * 1661 – Hungarian ''lista'' is first recorded.^(LWP)

+ * 1736 – ''lista'' is still the headword in Nehring's lexicon.^(DWB|12, 1069)

+ * 1964 – Peter Weiss uses ''schwarze Listen''.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|list]]: a written series of people or things set down one after another, usually one below the other: ''Wir haben eine Liste der Gäste angelegt.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Short for [[Wahlliste]]: a list of candidates in an [[m|en|election]].^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[Wahlliste]]

+ * [[Warteliste]]

+ * [[Einkaufsliste]]

+ * [[Bestenliste]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[Leiste]]

+ * [[Leisten]]

+ * [[en|list]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Auf der schwarzen Liste stehen'' is to be among those regarded as suspect, especially by a regime;^(Duden GWDS 1999) ''schwarz'' refers to something kept hidden.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}