darunter German · revision 35303

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=compound|attested=Old High German|origins=gmw-pro *þǣr, gem-pro *under}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * [daˈʁʊntɐ]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''darunter''' (adverb); colloquial ''drunter''^(Wiktionary)

+ The contracted ''drunter'' is found from early Middle High German, often in the 13th century and again in older New High German.^(DWB2|6, 351) Until the 16th century the parts could be separated by other words in the sentence, while from the 16th century, more often in the 20th, the adverb was written together with verbs.^(DWB2|6, 351)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|dārunder]], [[inh|goh|dārundere]], [[af|goh|dār|untar|t1=there|t2=under]], the ancestors of [[da]] and [[unter]].^(DWB2|6, 351)^(Köbler AHD)^(Duden GWDS 1999) The /r/ at the end of the first part was kept before the vowel of the preposition; elsewhere it was lost in Middle High German.^(DWB2|6, 351)^(Kluge 2011|177) The same compound is [[osx|thar undar]], [[nl|daaronder]], [[en|thereunder]], [[da|derunder]] and [[sv|därunder]].^(DWB2|6, 351)

+

+ The first part goes back to [[gmw-pro|*þǣr|t=there]], a locative in /r/ of the demonstrative stem [[ine-pro|*to-]];^(Kluge 2011|177) Gothic and Old Norse have a short vowel, as in [[got|𐌸𐌰𐍂|tr=þar]].^(Kluge 2011|177) The preposition goes back to [[gem-pro|*under]], also in [[got|𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐍂|tr=undar]] and [[non|undir]].^(Kluge 2011|943)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old High German ''dāruntar'' means “under it, between them”.^(Köbler AHD) Middle High German records begin about 1130, with ''dar under stat macrocosmus'' “beneath that stands the macrocosm” in Priest Arnold's poem on the number seven, and about 1170 Lamprecht's ''Alexander'' uses it with a verb of motion.^(DWB2|6, 351)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Beside its spatial sense the adverb was used from Middle High German for things placed under a text, as a signature, and in 1493 Riederer's rhetoric describes a stroke drawn under a dot.^(DWB2|6, 351) In Early New High German it could also be temporal, “meanwhile, during this”, and mean “among them”.^(FWB)^(Köbler MHD) The temporal use is rare today.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ Modern German uses it for position and direction under something, for a matter under which one suffers or which one understands by a word, for a value below a given amount, and for membership of a group, “among them, including”.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 1130 – ''dar under'' appears in Priest Arnold's poem on the number seven.^(DWB2|6, 351)

+ * c. 1170 – Lamprecht's ''Alexander'' uses the adverb with a verb of motion.^(DWB2|6, 351)

+ * 13th century – The contracted ''drunder'' is frequent.^(DWB2|6, 351)

+ * 1493 – Riederer's rhetoric uses it of a stroke placed under a mark.^(DWB2|6, 351)

+ * 16th century – The adverb begins to be written together with verbs.^(DWB2|6, 351)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adverb===

+ # [[m|en|underneath]], below it; under this place or object, also with verbs of motion: ''Im Erdgeschoss ist ein Café, und darunter liegt der Keller.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Under this matter: ''Was verstehst du darunter?''^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # Below this amount or limit: ''Zehn Euro, darunter verkaufe ich das Buch nicht.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary DE)

+ # [[m|en|among]] them, including: ''Viele Gäste kamen, darunter auch die Bürgermeisterin.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[darüber]]

+ * [[unter]]

+ * [[da]]

+ * [[dar]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}