Unterstützung German · revision 35286

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=1527, Dürer|origins=gmw-pro *stuttijan}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ʊntɐˈʃtʏt͡sʊŋ/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''Unterstützung''' ''f'' (genitive Unterstützung, plural Unterstützungen)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|de|unterstützen|-ung]].^(Wiktionary)^(Wiktionary DE)^(Paul 2002) Parallel nouns are [[nl|onderstutting]], [[da|understøtning]] and [[sv|understöd]].^(DWB|24, 1847)

+

+ The verb continues [[gmh|understützen]], [[goh|untarstuzzen]], an intensive formation with doubled consonant, [[gmw-pro|*stuttijan]], beside [[goh|gistuden|t=to set up]] and [[non|styðja|t=to fix, support]]; these are derived from a noun seen in [[ang|studu|t=post]], [[en|stud]] and [[non|stoð|t=post, prop]].^(Kluge 2011|896)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020|838)^(Wiktionary) The simple verb [[stützen]] is found in High German only from the early 17th century, and the noun [[Stütze]] belongs to the same family.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020|838)^(Paul 2002) Pfeifer and Duden trace the noun “post” to an extended form of the root of [[stehen]];^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020|838)^(Kluge 2011|896) Kluge leaves the origin open, comparing the difficulties of [[Stunde]] and [[stur]].^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020|838)^(Kluge 2011|896)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The first quotations in the Grimm dictionary are concrete: in 1527 Dürer, writing on fortification, advises a strong ''unterstützung'' behind the loopholes, and in 1541 Ryff's anatomy asks what ''understützung'' the brain has to keep its cavities from collapsing.^(DWB|24, 1847) Frisius's dictionary glosses Latin ''fulcimentum'' and ''fulcrum'', a prop.^(DWB|24, 1847)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ As a concrete word for a prop or support it was used of houses, vines and bridges, and technical language formed countless compounds with ''Unterstützungs-'' (Kant has ''Unterstützungspunct'').^(DWB|24, 1847) Goethe wrote of a house whose beam has rotted, waiting in vain for a new ''Unterstützung''.^(DWB|24, 1847)

+

+ The verb had been used figuratively for “to help, further” since Early New High German, and the noun followed it.^(Paul 2002) Besides help of every kind, the noun came to mean a concrete sum of money: Goethe mentions people offering him ''Unterstützungen'', and the banking law of 1875 speaks of pensions and ''Unterstützungen'' for surviving dependants.^(DWB|24, 1847) This sense of a regular allowance from the state or an institution is current today.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary DE)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1527 – Dürer uses ''unterstützung'' of a support in fortifications.^(DWB|24, 1847)

+ * 1541 – Ryff's anatomy uses ''understützung'' of the support of the brain.^(DWB|24, 1847)

+ * Early 17th century – The simple verb ''stützen'' appears in High German.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 1875 – A banking law uses ''Unterstützungen'' for payments to dependants.^(DWB|24, 1847)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|support]], help, backing: ''Sie kann auf die Unterstützung ihrer Familie zählen.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A sum of money given as support, an [[m|en|allowance]] or [[m|en|benefit]]: ''Er bekommt vom Sozialamt eine kleine Unterstützung.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A technical prop or [[m|en|brace]].^(Wiktionary DE)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(sports)'' An [[m|en|assist]].^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[Stütze]]

+ * [[unterstützen]]

+ * [[stützen]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}