Runde German · revision 35281

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation, semantic loan|attested=15th century, Oswald von Wolkenstein|origins=la rota}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * [ˈʁʊndə]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''Runde''' ''f'' (genitive Runde, plural Runden, diminutive Ründchen n)^(Wiktionary)

+ An umlauted form ''Ründe'' was used in the sense “roundness” from the 16th to the 18th century, by Stieler and Schiller among others.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(DWB|14, 1507)

+ In the military sense the French spelling ''Ronde'' came first and remained usual in the army language of the 19th century.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(DWB|14, 1507)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|runde|t=circle, surroundings]], an abstract noun of the adjective [[m|gmh|runt|t=round]], the ancestor of [[rund]].^(Kluge 2011|777)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary) The adjective was borrowed in the 13th century from [[fro|reont|t=round]], older [[m|fro|roont]], which goes back to [[la-vul|*retundus]], a dissimilated form of [[la|rotundus|t=round]], from [[m|la|rota|t=wheel]].^(Kluge 2011|777)^(Pfeifer 1993) The same French word was known earlier in the knightly term [[gmh|tavelrunde|t=Round Table]], from the Old French name of King Arthur's Round Table.^(Kluge 2011|777)^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ The military sense “round of the watch”, recorded from the early 17th century, is a separate loan of [[frm|ronde]].^(Kluge 2011|777)^(Pfeifer 1993) The French noun was felt to be the adjective [[m|fr|rond]] used as a noun, but Pfeifer explains it as a back-formation of [[m|frm|ronder|t=to inspect the sentries]], which rests on the Spanish verb [[m|es|rondar|t=to patrol]] and ultimately on an Arabic word for a group of horses kept ready for border watch;^(Pfeifer 1993) Kluge also traces it through [[es|ronda]] to Arabic.^(Kluge 2011|777) The Grimms' dictionary thinks the German word arose on its own and was then influenced by the French one, so that the two lines of meaning can no longer be separated.^(DWB|14, 1507)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Middle High German ''runde'' is recorded in the second quarter of the 15th century in Oswald von Wolkenstein, in the phrase ''ze rund'' “all around”.^(Köbler MHD)^(Lexer 1872|2, 538) In the 16th century, as in Luther, it meant roundness, round shape or circle.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(DWB|14, 1507)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Adelung records the circular movement (''in die Runde gehen'', ''in die Runde tanzen'') and, in military use, the round of the watch that inspects the posts at night, also the patrol itself.^(Adelung 1793) The phrase ''die Runde gehen'' “inspect the posts” dates from the 17th century and was widened to ''die Runde machen'' “go round”;^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Paul 2002) Goethe uses it of a cup passed round.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Paul 2002) A circle of people sitting together, above all eating and drinking, comes from [[Tafelrunde]], which Wieland revived in the 18th century from the Arthurian Round Table.^(Pfeifer 1993) From the cup that goes ''in der Runde'' came the sense “a round of drinks for everyone present”.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ In sport the word names a lap of a course, a round of a contest and, in boxing, a period of a bout; earlier it was used in horse racing and card games.^(Paul 2002)^(Duden GWDS 1999) The phrase ''über die Runden kommen'' “to make ends meet, get through” comes from boxing: whoever lasts the rounds has at least not been knocked out.^(Duden 7 2020|706) Czech and Slovak took German ''Runde'' as ''runda'' “round of beer or schnapps”, and Slovene as ''runda''.^(LWP)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 13th century – Middle High German borrows the adjective ''runt'' “round” from French.^(Kluge 2011|777)

+ * 2nd quarter of the 15th century – ''runde'' is recorded in Oswald von Wolkenstein.^(Köbler MHD)

+ * 16th century – ''Runde'' (also ''Ründe'') means roundness, round shape or circle.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * Early 17th century – The military round of the watch is borrowed as ''Ronde''.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 1642 – ''Runda'' is first recorded as a refrain of students' drinking songs.^(Paul 2002)

+ * Late 17th century – ''Runde'' also names the soldiers who make the round.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 18th century – Wieland revives ''Tafelrunde'', the model for a convivial circle.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A small [[m|en|circle]] of people, a company: ''In der Runde wurde viel gelacht.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # The people and things around someone, the surroundings: ''Sie blickte fragend in die Runde.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # A [[m|en|round]], a circuit that returns to its starting point, such as a walk or a guard's patrol: ''eine Runde durch den Park drehen''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(sports)'' A [[m|en|lap]] of a track or course.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(sports, games)'' A round of a game or competition: ''Die Mannschaft ist in der zweiten Runde ausgeschieden.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(boxing)'' One of the timed periods of a bout.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A round of drinks bought for everyone present: ''eine Runde Bier ausgeben''.^(Wiktionary)^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[Tafelrunde]]

+ * [[Endrunde]]

+ * [[Vorrunde]]

+ * [[Ehrenrunde]]

+ * [[Gesprächsrunde]]

+ * [[Lokalrunde]]

+ * [[Nullrunde]]

+ * [[überrunden]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[rund]]

+ * [[runden]]

+ * [[rotieren]]

+ * [[en|round]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Die Runde machen'' means both “to be passed from one to the next” and “to spread quickly”, as of a rumour.^(Duden GWDS 1999) ''Über die Runden kommen'' (colloquial) is to cope with one's difficulties, especially to manage on one's money.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Duden 7 2020|706)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}