trotzdem German · revision 35270

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=compound|attested=19th century}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Adverb: /ˈtʁɔtsdeːm/^(Wiktionary)

+ * Conjunction: /tʁɔtsˈdeːm/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''trotzdem'''^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|de|trotz|dem]], the preposition [[trotz]] “despite” with the dative of the demonstrative, written as one word.^(Wiktionary)^(Wiktionary DE)^(Pfeifer 1993) The adverb arose in the 19th century, and the conjunction from the adverb followed by a clause with [[dass]], which was then dropped, as in [[seitdem]] and [[indem]].^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2007)^(Paul 2002)

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+ The preposition developed in the 16th and 17th centuries out of phrases in which the noun [[Trotz]] “defiance” was followed by a dative.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2007) From the mid-18th century it also took the genitive, but the old dative survives in this word and in [[trotz alledem]].^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2007)

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+ The noun is [[gmh|traz]], [[m|gmh|trutz]], [[m|gmh|trotz]], with [[gml|trot]] in the phrase “to offer defiance”; it is found only in German.^(Kluge 2011|932)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020|876) Its origin is unclear.^(Kluge 2011|932)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020|876) Kluge tentatively compares [[lt|nirsti|alt=nir̃sti|t=to rage]];^(Kluge 2011|932) Pfeifer suspects an imitative origin, given the varying vowels, and reports de Vries's link with [[nl|tarten|t=to provoke]] by metathesis and Pokorny's with [[ang|teart|t=sharp, bitter]] and the root of [[zehren]].^(Pfeifer 1993)

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+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The Grimms call the word quite young.^(DWB|22, 1114) The adverb is quoted from the letters of Prince Pückler, ''es ist mir trotzdem sehr leicht geworden'' (“it was nevertheless very easy for me”).^(DWB|22, 1114)^(Paul 2002) The Grimms also quote it from Otto Ludwig, Riehl, Gottfried Keller and Treitschke.^(DWB|22, 1114) The conjunction appears in Gaudy, first as ''trotzdem dasz'' and then on its own: ''sprang, trotzdem sie ihn am mantel festzuhalten strebten, aus dem schlag'' (“jumped out of the carriage, although they tried to hold him by the coat”).^(DWB|22, 1115)^(Paul 2002)

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+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Pfeifer cites Trutz meinem Feind (“in defiance of my enemy”) and Duden zum Trotz as the kind of phrase from which the preposition grew.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2007) Freiligrath's poem ''Trotz alledem'' uses the extended form: ''Hebt hoch die Stirn, trotz alledem!''^(DWB|22, 1114)^(Paul 2002) Fontane uses the conjunction often.^(DWB|22, 1115) Grammarians long rejected it; the Duden grammar has accepted it since 1959, though dictionaries still mark it as colloquial.^(Paul 2002)^(Duden GWDS 1999)

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+ ==Timeline==

+ * 16th–17th century – The preposition ''trotz'' develops from the noun ''Trotz''.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2007)

+ * Mid-18th century – ''trotz'' begins to take the genitive.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 19th century – ''trotzdem'' appears as an adverb and as a conjunction.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2007)

+ * 1959 – The Duden grammar no longer rejects the conjunction.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adverb===

+ # [[m|en|nevertheless]], all the same, in spite of that: ''Es regnete, trotzdem gingen wir spazieren.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

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+ ===Conjunction===

+ # ''(colloquial)'' [[m|en|although]], even though: ''Er kam mit, trotzdem er müde war.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

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+ ==Related words==

+ * [[trotz]]

+ * [[trotzen]]

+ * [[trotzig]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}