Bad German · revision 35257

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=8th century, Old High German glosses|origins=gem-pro *baþą}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /baːt/, /bat/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''Bad''' ''n'' (genitive Bades or Bads, plural Bäder)^(Wiktionary)

+ The umlauted plural ''beder'' appears in Middle High German at the end of the 13th century.^(EWA|1, 423)^(DWB|1, 1069)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|bat]], [[inh|goh|bad]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*baþ]], [[inh|gem-pro|*baþą|t=bath]].^(Kluge 2011|82)^(Wiktionary)^(Kroonen 2013) The same word is [[osx|bath]], [[ofs|beth]], [[ang|bæþ]] (now [[en|bath]]) and [[non|bað|t=steam bath]]; no Gothic form is recorded.^(Kluge 2011|82)^(EWA|1, 423)

+

+ Kluge, Pfeifer and Kroonen take it as a formation with a participial t-suffix to the verb [[bähen|t=to warm, toast]], [[goh|bāen]], so that a bath was first “something warmed”;^(Kluge 2011|82)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Kroonen 2013) Pfeifer and Kroonen trace this to [[ine-pro|*bʰeh₁-|t=to warm]], which Kroonen holds to be found only in Germanic.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Kroonen 2013) Kluge adds that the word can hardly be independent of the Mediterranean word for a warm bath seen in [[grc|βαλανεῖον|tr=balaneîon]], perhaps spread through Etruscan, and that dialect evidence shows [[baden]] first meant “to heat”.^(Kluge 2011|82) The revised Grimm dictionary finds the Mediterranean link unlikely on grounds of sound and calls the Indo-European root uncertain.^(DWB2|4, 42)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old High German ''bad'' is recorded in glosses from about 765, rendering Latin ''balneum'', and then in the Benedictine Rule, Otfrid and Notker.^(Köbler AHD)^(Schützeichel 2012|42)^(DWB2|4, 42) It meant a bath, a hot bath or a bathhouse, and figuratively baptism.^(EWA|1, 423)^(Köbler AHD)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Paul traces the senses from the warmed water for washing, healing or refreshment and the act of bathing to the bath-house and the bathroom, the spa town and, in the 20th century, the public bath, open-air (''Freibad'', ''Strandbad'') or indoor (''Hallenbad'').^(Paul 2002) Place names such as Baden and Wiesbaden (Old High German ''Badun'', ''Wisibadun'') are old datives plural, “at the baths”, translating Latin ''Aquae''.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020|122)^(EWA|1, 423) ''Bad'' is now an official prefix in the names of spa towns.^(Wiktionary DE)

+

+ The ''Bader'' (Middle High German ''badære'') kept a bath-house and also let blood, cupped and cut hair; the word was marked dated in 1833.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Paul 2002) ''Das Kind mit dem Bade ausschütten'' “to throw the baby out with the bathwater” is recorded in Adelung and earlier in Mathesius,^(Adelung 1793)^(DWB|1, 1069) and ''etwas ausbaden müssen'' “to take the consequences” dates from the end of the 16th century, after ''das pad ausgieszen müszen'' in a late medieval chronicle.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Lexer 1872|1, 134) English took ''sitz bath'' (1849) and ''Strandbad'' (1939) from German.^(LWP)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 765 – Old High German ''bad'' in glosses.^(Köbler AHD)

+ * c. 1100 – Old Saxon ''baðeri'' “bath keeper”.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * Late 13th century – the plural ''beder''.^(EWA|1, 423)

+ * End of the 16th century – ''ausbaden'' “to take the consequences”.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 1833 – ''Bader'' is recorded as dated.^(Paul 2002)

+ * 1849 – English ''sitz bath''.^(LWP)

+ * 1937–1941 – ''Hallenbad'' and ''Strandbad'' enter the Duden.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # Bathwater, water in a tub for washing or healing: ''Er ließ den Kindern ein warmes Bad ein.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # The act of bathing in a tub;^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary) ''ein Bad nehmen'' “to take a [[m|en|bath]]”; also a treatment in mud, sand or air.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A swim in the sea, a lake or a pool;^(Duden GWDS 1999) ''ein Bad in der Menge'' “a walkabout among a crowd”.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # A [[m|en|bathroom]].^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A swimming [[m|en|pool]] or public baths.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A [[m|en|spa]] town; also the title ''Bad'' in the names of such towns.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary DE)

+ # ''(technology, chemistry)'' A [[m|en|solution]] in which objects are immersed for treatment, as in developing or electroplating.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary DE)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[baden]]

+ * [[Bader]]

+ * [[ausbaden]]

+ * [[Badewanne]]

+ * [[Badezimmer]]

+ * [[Badeanzug]]

+ * [[Badehose]]

+ * [[Bademantel]]

+ * [[Freibad]]

+ * [[Hallenbad]]

+ * [[Strandbad]]

+ * [[Seebad]]

+ * [[Heilbad]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[bähen]]

+ * [[en|bath]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}