Druck German · revision 35244

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=about 1000, Notker|origins=gmw-pro *þrukkijan}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /dʁʊk/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''Druck''' ''m'' (genitive Druckes or Drucks, plural Drücke)^(Wiktionary)

+ In the sense “print, printing” the plural is ''Drucke''; in the sense “pressure” ''Drücke'' is usual today.^(Wiktionary)^(DWB2|6, 1424)^(DWB2|6, 1429) Paul notes that the umlaut prevails in compounds such as ''Abdrücke'', ''Eindrücke'' and ''Händedrücke'', but not in ''Buchdrucke''.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|druc]], [[inh|goh|thruc|t=pressure]], a noun formed from the verb [[drücken]].^(Kluge 2011|219)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(DWB2|6, 1424)^(Wiktionary) That verb is [[goh|drucchen]], from [[gmw-pro|*þrukkijan|t=to press]], also in [[ang|þryccan]], probably an intensive formation to the stem of [[non|þrúga|t=to press, threaten]].^(Kluge 2011|219)^(Pfeifer 1993) Pfeifer connects it with [[lt|trūkti|alt=trū́kti|t=to tear apart, burst]] and derives it from [[ine-pro|*trewk-]], an extension of the root [[ine-pro|*terh₁-|t=to rub, turn]] of [[drehen]] and [[drohen]];^(Pfeifer 1993) Kluge also counts [[dreschen]], [[dringen]] and [[verdrießen]] among its relatives.^(Kluge 2011|219) The same noun is [[gml|druk]], [[dum|druc]] and [[nl|druk]].^(AWB|2, 687)

+

+ The sense “print” belongs to [[drucken]], the Upper German form of that verb without umlaut, since in Upper German /k/ prevented the umlaut.^(Kluge 2011|219)^(Pfeifer 1993) Because the important early centres of printing lay in the south, the southern form won for printing books.^(Kluge 2011|219)^(Duden 7 2007) Pfeifer and the revised Grimm dictionary give the noun in this sense an article of its own, formed from the southern verb, which is the same in origin.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(DWB2|6, 1429)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old High German ''thruc'' is recorded once, in Notker about 1000, of the weight of the body pressing on the soul.^(AWB|2, 687)^(Köbler AHD) The revised Grimm dictionary notes that the noun is rare in Notker, more frequent from about 1200, and strikingly rare again from the 16th to the early 18th century.^(DWB2|6, 1424)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Middle High German ''druc'' meant a press or thrust, a hostile clash in battle and a tender embrace, as in Rudolf von Ems' ''süezer druc, senfter umbevanc'' (“sweet pressing, gentle embrace”, 1220–1225).^(Lexer 1872|1, 470)^(Köbler MHD)^(DWB2|6, 1424) Figurative pressure on the mind, and oppression, are found from Old High German on.^(Paul 2002)^(Adelung 1793) The physical sense, force on a surface, became a technical term in compounds such as [[Luftdruck]] and [[Wasserdruck]].^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ Printing, of cloth with patterns and of paper with woodcuts or type, was developed in Upper Germany in the 15th century.^(Pfeifer 1993) Until the 17th century ''drücken'' and ''drucken'' stood side by side with the same meaning; then ''drucken'' was kept as the technical term for printing and ''drücken'' for pressing.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Paul 2002) So ''Druck'' came to mean both the process of printing and its product, a print.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Wiktionary) The word passed into Polish as ''druk'' (1551) and into Russian as ''друк'' (1650), a printed work.^(LWP) In drug slang ''Druck'' is an injection, a fix.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * About 1000 – Notker uses Old High German ''thruc''.^(Köbler AHD)^(AWB|2, 687)

+ * About 1200 – The noun becomes more frequent in Middle High German.^(DWB2|6, 1424)

+ * 15th century – ''Druck'' is used of printing;^(Pfeifer 1993) ''Drucker'' and ''Druckerei'' appear.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * About 1480 – Folz praises the art of printing (''des drukez'').^(DWB2|6, 1429)

+ * 1551 – Polish ''druk'' is recorded.^(LWP)

+ * 1639 – ''Druckfehler'' “misprint” is recorded.^(Paul 2002)

+ * 17th century – ''drucken'' and ''drücken'' are separated in meaning.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # ''(physics)'' [[m|en|pressure]], force acting on a surface: ''Der Druck im Reifen beträgt zwei bar.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # The act of pressing: ''ein Druck auf den Schalter''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary DE)

+ # A feeling of pressure in part of the body: ''Sie spürte einen Druck auf der Brust.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # [[m|en|coercion]], pressure on someone; stress: ''Die Regierung geriet unter Druck.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(slang)'' An injection of a drug, a [[m|en|fix]].^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # The process of [[m|en|printing]]: ''Das Manuskript geht nächste Woche in Druck.''^(Wiktionary)^(DWB2|6, 1429)^(Adelung 1793)

+ # A [[m|en|print]], a printed work or reproduction.^(Wiktionary)^(Wiktionary DE)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[Abdruck]]

+ * [[Ausdruck]]

+ * [[Eindruck]]

+ * [[Händedruck]]

+ * [[Blutdruck]]

+ * [[Luftdruck]]

+ * [[Buchdruck]]

+ * [[Druckfehler]]

+ * [[Drucksache]]

+ * [[Druckknopf]]

+ * [[Hochdruck]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[drücken]]

+ * [[drucken]]

+ * [[Drucker]]

+ * [[Druckerei]]

+ * [[drohen]]

+ * [[drehen]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Druck hinter etwas machen'' (colloquial) is to make sure that something is done quickly, and ''im Druck sein'' is to be short of time.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}