Entwicklung German · revision 35241

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=1645, Zesen|origins=ine-pro *weg-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ɛntˈvɪklʊŋ/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''Entwicklung''' ''f'' (genitive Entwicklung, plural Entwicklungen)^(Wiktionary)

+ The older form ''Entwickelung'' predominated until the early 19th century.^(DWB2|8, 1532)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is formed [[af|de|entwickeln|-ung]], first recorded in the 17th century.^(Wiktionary)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Paul 2002) Wiktionary suggests a calque of [[fr|développement]].^(Wiktionary)

+

+ The verb [[entwickeln]] was formed with [[ent-]] from [[wickeln]] “to wind, wrap” at the end of the 16th century.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(DWB2|8, 1530) According to Kluge it arose under the influence of [[la|explicō|t=to unfold, explain]] and [[fr|évoluer]], and so it was almost never used in the literal sense “to unwind”.^(Kluge 2011|249)^(Paul 2002) The base [[m|gmh|wickeln]] comes from [[Wickel]], [[goh|wickel|t=bundle of fibres]], a diminutive of the noun that is [[en|wick]] in English, from the root [[ine-pro|*weg-|t=to weave]].^(Duden 7 2020|932)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Paul gives the first record as Zesen in 1645, in the older form ''Entwickelung''.^(Paul 2002) The earliest dictionary examples have the literal senses of the verb: “release, extrication” (Duez, 1664) and “unwinding” (Stieler, 1691, Kramer, 1693, for Italian ''disviluppamento'').^(DWB2|8, 1532)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ From the beginning of the 18th century the noun followed the verb into abstract use,^(Paul 2002)^(Pfeifer 1993) and it became widely used from the late 18th century.^(DWB2|8, 1532) It was a central idea of German idealism and in the 19th century one of the dominant terms of almost every science.^(DWB2|8, 1532) Around 1800 Campe proposed it as a German word for [[Evolution]], with ''Entwicklungslehre'' for the theory of evolution.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Paul 2002) The photographic sense of ''entwickeln'' dates from the 19th century;^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Paul 2002) Paul compares English [[m|en|develop]].^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Paul 2002) In the 20th century came political compounds such as ''Entwicklungshilfe'' “development aid” and ''Entwicklungsland'' “developing country”.^(Paul 2002)^(Wiktionary) The German word was calqued as [[ru|развитие|tr=razvitije]].^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * End of the 16th century – The verb ''entwickeln'' appears.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(DWB2|8, 1530)

+ * 1645 – Zesen uses ''Entwickelung''.^(Paul 2002)

+ * 1664 – Duez's dictionary records it in the sense “release, extrication”.^(DWB2|8, 1532)

+ * Early 18th century – The noun is applied to abstract matters.^(Paul 2002)

+ * c. 1800 – Campe proposes it for ''Evolution''.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 19th century – ''entwickeln'' is used in photography.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # Gradual emergence, the coming into being of something step by step.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary DE)

+ # Growth, maturing: the physical and mental [[m|en|development]] of a child, the growth of a plant.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary DE)

+ # Progress into a new phase; a [[m|en|trend]]: ''die Entwicklung der Preise''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # The creation or design of something new, such as a product or a process: ''die Entwicklung eines Impfstoffs''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary DE)

+ # The detailed setting out of ideas or a theory.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # ''(photography)'' The [[m|en|developing]] of a film.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary DE)

+ # ''(military)'' The deployment of troops for battle.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # ''(biology)'' [[m|en|evolution]].^(Wiktionary)^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[Entwicklungsland]]

+ * [[Entwicklungshilfe]]

+ * [[Entwicklungslehre]]

+ * [[Unterentwicklung]]

+ * [[Weiterentwicklung]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[entwickeln]]

+ * [[wickeln]]

+ * [[Evolution]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}