Deutsch German · revision 35239

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=c. 1220–1225, Rudolf von Ems, Der guote Gêrhart|origins=ine-pro *tewtéh₂}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /dɔʏ̯t͡ʃ/, [dɔɪ̯t͡ʃ]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''Deutsch''' ''n'' (proper noun, language name, genitive Deutsch or Deutschs, alternative nominative (used with the definite article) Deutsche, alternative genitive Deutschen, no plural)^(Wiktionary)

+ Adelung insisted on ''unser Deutsch'' “our German” rather than ''unser Deutsches''.^(Adelung 1793|1, 1472) In the 16th and 17th centuries, and occasionally until the 19th, it was often spelled ''Teutsch''.^(DWB|2, 1043)^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|tiutsch|t=the German language]], the adjective [[deutsch]] used as a noun.^(Lexer 1872|1, 444)^(Wiktionary DE)^(DWB2|6, 816)

+

+ The adjective is [[m|gmh|diutisch]], [[goh|diutisc]], [[osx|thiudisc]], from [[gmw-pro|*þiudisk]], [[gem-pro|*þiudiskaz|t=of the people]].^(Kluge 2011|194)^(Wiktionary) It was formed with the suffix of belonging ([[-isch]]) from [[m|gem-pro|*þeudō|t=people]], found in [[got|𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰|tr=þiuda]], [[non|þjóð]], [[ang|þēod]] and [[m|goh|diot]];^(Kluge 2011|194)^(Pfeifer 1993) the old noun survives in names such as [[Dietrich]].^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2014|217) It continues [[ine-pro|*tewtéh₂|t=tribe, people]], also behind [[lt|tauta|t=people, nation]] and [[sga|túath|t=people, tribe, land]].^(Wiktionary)^(Kluge 2011|194)^(Pfeifer 1993) Kluge takes the original sense of the root to be “strength”, and Pfeifer derives it from [[m|ine-pro|*teu̯ə-|t=to swell]], so that the noun first meant “the great (mighty) mass”.^(Kluge 2011|194)^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ The adjective first appears in Latinized form, Medieval Latin [[m|la-med|theodiscus]].^(Pfeifer 1993)^(EWA|2, 699) Its model is debated: Duden thinks of a West Frankish word formed in contrast to [[m|frk|*walhisk|t=Romance]] and perhaps calqued on [[grc|ἐθνικός|tr=ethnikós]] or [[la|gentīlis]],^(Duden 7 2014|217)^(DWB2|6, 811) while Pfeifer and the revised Grimm dictionary consider a loan translation of Latin [[m|la|vulgāris|t=common]].^(Pfeifer 1993)^(DWB2|6, 811) [[m|got|𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉|tr=þiudiskō|t=in the manner of the heathens]], which matches it exactly in form, is an independent translation of Greek [[m|grc|ἐθνικῶς|tr=ethnikôs]].^(Kluge 2011|194)^(Pfeifer 1993) Because the vowel differs from that of [[m|goh|diot]], Kluge holds that the adjective must be old.^(Kluge 2011|194) The same word is [[nl|Duits]], from which comes [[en|Dutch]] “of the Netherlands”.^(Kluge 2011|194)^(Duden 7 2014|217) Medieval Latin [[m|la-med|theodiscus]] is the source of [[it|tedesco]] and [[es|tudesco]].^(DWB2|6, 811)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The earliest record of the adjective is Medieval Latin: in 786 the decisions of a synod in England were to be read out ''tam latine quam theodisce'' “in Latin and in the vernacular”, here meaning Old English.^(EWA|2, 699)^(Kluge 2011|194) In 788 the death sentence on Duke Tassilo names a crime ''quod theodisca lingua harisliz dicitur'' (“which is called ''harisliz'' in the vernacular”).^(EWA|2, 699) The German form appears from the 10th century.^(EWA|2, 699)^(Duden 7 2014|217) The noun for the language is first quoted from Rudolf von Ems (about 1220–1225), who was asked to put a story ''in tiutsch''.^(DWB2|6, 816)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ At first the word meant the vernacular of the people as opposed to Latin; as the West Franks became Romance-speaking, it came to mark the language of the eastern Franks as opposed to Romance, and in the 10th and 11th centuries it became the general name of the continental Germanic languages.^(Kluge 2011|194)^(Pfeifer 1993) Paul defines Deutsch since Old High German as the vernacular north of the Alps, between Romance in the west and Slavonic in the east; in New High German it usually refers to the standard and written language.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ The spelling with ⟨t⟩ arose under the influence of Latin [[m|la|teutonicus]] and was very common from the early 12th century, especially in Upper German.^(EWA|2, 699)^(Wiktionary) ''Teutsch'' was still written in the 18th century;^(Paul 2002) Gottsched (1748) and Adelung rejected it, and in the 19th century it became a mark of nationalistic attitudes.^(Paul 2002) Because German was the plain speech of the people as opposed to learned Latin, ''deutsch'' also came to mean “frank, plain”, as in Brant's ''teutsch mit einem reden'' (1494).^(Paul 2002) From that sense come the modern phrases ''mit jemandem deutsch reden'' and ''auf gut Deutsch''.^(Duden GWDS 1999) The language name was borrowed into English as ''Deutsch''.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 786 – Medieval Latin ''theodisce'' “in the vernacular” is used of Old English at an English synod.^(EWA|2, 699)

+ * 788 – ''theodisca lingua'' appears in the sentence on Duke Tassilo.^(EWA|2, 699)

+ * c. 830 – ''thiutisce'' “in German” is recorded.^(Paul 2002)

+ * 10th century – The German adjective appears in Old High German.^(EWA|2, 699)

+ * c. 1220–1225 – Rudolf von Ems uses ''tiutsch'' for the German language.^(DWB2|6, 816)

+ * 1494 – Brant uses ''teutsch reden'' for plain speaking.^(Paul 2002)

+ * 1748 – Gottsched rejects the spelling ''teutsch''.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # The [[m|en|German]] [[m|en|language]], also as spoken or written by a person or group: ''Er spricht ein fehlerfreies Deutsch.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # German language and literature as a school [[m|en|subject]]: ''In Deutsch hat sie eine Eins.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary DE)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[Hochdeutsch]]

+ * [[Plattdeutsch]]

+ * [[Schweizerdeutsch]]

+ * [[Mittelhochdeutsch]]

+ * [[Althochdeutsch]]

+ * [[Deutschunterricht]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[deutsch]]

+ * [[Deutschland]]

+ * [[deuten]]

+ * [[en|Dutch]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Auf Deutsch'' and ''zu Deutsch'' mean “in German”;^(Duden GWDS 1999) ''auf gut Deutsch'' (colloquial) is “in plain words, bluntly”, and ''kein Deutsch (mehr) verstehen'' (colloquial) is to refuse to understand or obey.^(Duden GWDS 1999) With the definite article the language is ''das Deutsche''.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}