Rolle German · revision 35228

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=15th century|origins=la rota}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈʁɔlə/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''Rolle''' ''f'' (genitive Rolle, plural Rollen, diminutive Röllchen n)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|rolle]] or [[m|gmh|rulle]], [[bor|fro|rolle|t=roll of parchment, list]], from [[la-med|rotulus]] and [[m|la-med|rotula|t=small wheel]], diminutives of [[la|rota|t=wheel]].^(Kluge 2011|772)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020|700) Kluge dates it to the 15th century, Duden to the 14th.^(Kluge 2011|772)^(Duden 7 2020|700) Pfeifer and Wiktionary think the word came partly through [[dum|rolle]], and Pfeifer sees the influence of the Medieval Latin forms in chancery use; the feminine gender points to the feminine forms, among them [[m|la-med|rolla]].^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Wiktionary) Wahrig derives it straight from Medieval Latin.^(Wahrig Herkunftswörterbuch) The Latin noun is related to [[Rad]].^(Duden 7 2020|700)

+

+ The same word is [[nl|rol]], [[en|roll]], [[en|role]], [[fr|rôle]], [[sv|rulle]] and [[is|rúlla]].^(Kluge 2011|772) The verb [[rollen]] was borrowed separately, from [[m|fro|roler]], which rests on a Late Latin verb derived from the same noun.^(Duden 7 2020|700)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The first meaning in German was a document on a rolled sheet of parchment, a charter or a list, following Medieval Latin usage.^(Kluge 2011|772)^(Paul 2002) Early New High German used it for a scroll, a document or statutes, for a cylinder, wheel or pulley, and for a roll of cloth, paper or wire.^(FWB)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Under the influence of the verb ''rollen'' the word spread to other cylindrical objects.^(Kluge 2011|772) Since early New High German it has named wheels, rollers and pulleys in many technical uses.^(Kluge 2011|772)^(Pfeifer 1993) From the mid-16th century, and widely from the 18th, ''Rolle'' was the East Central German, partly northern and Austrian name for the laundry mangle.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ The actor's part goes back to the 16th-century custom of writing each player's lines on a roll, unrolled at rehearsal only as far as needed.^(Kluge 2011|772) Pfeifer dates this sense in German to the second half of the 17th century, after Dutch ''rol'' (end of the 16th century) and French ''rôle''.^(Pfeifer 1993) In the 18th century it was transferred to a person's position or function, in phrases like ''eine Rolle spielen'' and ''die Rollen vertauschen'';^(Pfeifer 1993) since Ralph Linton's ''The Study of Man'' (1936) it has been a central term of sociology.^(Paul 2002) In the first half of the 20th century gymnastics took it up for a forward or backward roll and aerobatics for a turn of the aircraft about its long axis.^(Pfeifer 1993) It was borrowed as [[he|רול|tr=rol]].^(LWP)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * Around 1400 – ''Rolle'' appears, borrowed from French.^(Paul 2002)

+ * 1466 – Middle High German ''rolle'' is recorded.^(Köbler MHD)

+ * Mid-16th century – First record of ''Rolle'' “laundry mangle”.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 2nd half of the 17th century – ''Rolle'' “actor's part”.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Paul 2002)

+ * 1700 – Recorded as the name of a hair roll.^(Paul 2002)

+ * 18th century – The figurative sense “function, position” develops.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 1936 – Linton makes the role a basic concept of sociology.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|roll]], something rolled up or wound into a cylinder: ''eine Rolle Klebeband''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A small wheel, [[m|en|roller]], [[m|en|castor]] or pulley on which something runs.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(regional)'' A laundry [[m|en|mangle]].^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(gymnastics)'' A roll, a turn of the body forwards or backwards;^(Duden GWDS 1999) ''(aerobatics)'' a roll of the aircraft about its long axis.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # ''(cycling)'' The roller on the pacer's motorcycle behind which the rider slipstreams.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # A [[m|en|role]], a part played by an actor.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A function or position, the part someone plays in life or in society;^(Paul 2002)^(Wiktionary) ''(sociology)'' a social role.^(Paul 2002)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[Biskuitrolle]]

+ * [[Frühlingsrolle]]

+ * [[Führungsrolle]]

+ * [[Rollenspiel]]

+ * [[Schriftrolle]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[rollen]]

+ * [[Rodel]]

+ * [[rotieren]]

+ * [[Rad]]

+ * [[en|role]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Eine Rolle spielen'' “to matter” and ''aus der Rolle fallen'' “to forget oneself, behave out of character” come from the theatre.^(Paul 2002) ''Von der Rolle sein'' (colloquial, “to be unable to keep up”) comes from motor-paced cycling.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}