hören German · revision 35224

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=late 8th century, Old High German glosses|origins=gem-pro *hauzijaną}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈhøːrən/, [ˈhøːʁən], [ˈhøːrən]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''hören''' (third-person singular present hört, past tense hörte, past participle gehört, auxiliary haben)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|hœren]], [[inh|goh|hōren]], [[inh|gem-pro|*hauzijaną|t=to hear]].^(Kluge 2011|425)^(Wiktionary)^(Köbler AHD) The same verb is [[got|𐌷𐌰𐌿𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽|tr=hausjan]], [[non|heyra]], [[ang|hȳran]], [[en|hear]], [[ofs|hēra]], [[osx|hōrian]], [[nl|horen]] and [[sv|höra]].^(Kluge 2011|425)^(Paul 2002)^(DWB|10, 1806) The Middle High German past tense [[m|gmh|hôrte]] had no umlaut, a form that lasted into New High German.^(DWB|10, 1806)

+

+ Its nearest relative outside Germanic is [[grc|ἀκούω|tr=akoúō|t=I hear]], though the explanation of its initial vowel is disputed.^(Kluge 2011|425) Kluge also compares [[grc|κοέω|tr=koéō|t=I perceive]], [[la|caveō|t=to beware]] and an Old Irish verb for “hears”.^(Kluge 2011|425) Duden and Wahrig derive the group from a root [[ine-pro|*keu-|t=to pay attention, notice]], with an extended form [[m|ine-pro|*keus-]], and a form with initial /s/ may underlie [[schauen]].^(Duden 7 2020|377)^(Wahrig Herkunftswörterbuch)^(Kluge 2011|425) Wiktionary instead analyses the Germanic verb as a compound of [[ine-pro|*h₂eḱ-|t=sharp]] and [[ine-pro|*h₂ows-|t=ear]], “to be sharp-eared”.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old High German ''hōren'' is first recorded in glosses of the last quarter of the 8th century, and then in the Benedictine Rule, the Tatian, Otfrid, the ''Muspilli'', the ''Georgslied'' and Notker.^(Köbler AHD)^(Schützeichel 2012|157) It meant “to hear, listen to” and also “to obey, follow”, “to grant (a prayer)” and “to belong to”.^(Schützeichel 2012|157)^(Köbler AHD)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The verb names first the involuntary perception of sound, then the ability to hear (''er hört schlecht''), and attentive listening, as when one attends a sermon or a lecture.^(Paul 2002) With ''auf'' it means to heed advice (''hör auf mich!''), and a dog ''hört auf'' its name.^(Paul 2002) The old sense “to obey” is obsolete except in the proverb ''Wer nicht hören will, muss fühlen'' and in speaking to children.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ Several derivatives have drifted far from it: [[gehören]] “to belong”, [[aufhören]] “to stop” (late Middle High German ''ūfhœren'', probably from “to break off and listen up”), and the nouns [[Behörde]] and [[Zubehör]] from an obsolete ''behören''.^(Duden 7 2020|377)^(Wahrig Herkunftswörterbuch) ''Hörensagen'' “hearsay” arose in the 15th century from ''ich habe es hören sagen''.^(Duden 7 2020|377) English ''color hearing'' (1882) may render German ''farbiges Hören''.^(LWP)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * Last quarter of the 8th century – Old High German ''hōren'' appears in glosses.^(Köbler AHD)

+ * Late Middle High German – ''ūfhœren'' “to stop” is formed.^(Duden 7 2020|377)

+ * 15th century – ''Hörensagen'' “hearsay” arises.^(Duden 7 2020|377)

+ * End of the 16th century – ''Hörerin'' appears.^(Duden 7 2020|377)

+ * 18th century – ''Hörrohr'' and ''Hörsaal'' are formed.^(Duden 7 2020|377)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To be able to [[m|en|hear]]: ''Mein Großvater hört nur noch auf einem Ohr.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To perceive with the ear: ''Wir hörten draußen einen Hund bellen.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To [[m|en|listen]] to: ''Radio hören'', ''Musik hören''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To attend (a lecture or a course).^(Wiktionary)^(Paul 2002)

+ # To learn, be told, hear of: ''Ich habe gehört, dass sie umzieht.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(with auf)'' To heed, [[m|en|obey]]: ''Hör auf deine Schwester!''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(law)'' To hear (a witness), give a hearing to.^(Wiktionary DE)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[aufhören]]

+ * [[Gehör]]

+ * [[gehören]]

+ * [[hellhörig]]

+ * [[Hörer]]

+ * [[hörig]]

+ * [[überhören]]

+ * [[verhören]]

+ * [[herhören]]

+ * [[hinhören]]

+ * [[hörbar]]

+ * [[mithören]]

+ * [[zuhören]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[gehorsam]]

+ * [[horchen]]

+ * [[Akustik]]

+ * [[en|hear]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Jemandem vergeht Hören und Sehen'' is said when an experience is so intense that one loses one's bearings.^(Duden GWDS 1999) ''Wer nicht hören will, muss fühlen'' warns that those who ignore advice will learn by suffering.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}