bauen German · revision 35214

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=8th century, Old High German glosses|origins=ine-pro *bʰuH-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * [ˈbaʊ̯ən], [ˈb̥aɔ̯ɛn]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Germany: [ˈbaʊ̯n]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Austria: [ˈb̥aɔ̯n]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''bauen''' (third-person singular present baut, past tense baute, past participle gebaut, auxiliary haben)^(Wiktionary)

+ Beside the weak past participle ''gebaut'', a strong ''gebauen'' (Middle High German ''gebouwen'') lived on as a variant into Early New High German.^(DWB2|4, 293)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|būwen]], [[inh|goh|būan]] (also [[m|goh|būwan]]), [[inh|gmw-pro|*būan]], [[inh|gem-pro|*būaną|t=to dwell]].^(Wiktionary)^(Kluge 2011|97)^(DWB2|4, 293) The same word is [[got|𐌱𐌰𐌿𐌰𐌽|tr=bauan|t=to dwell]], [[non|búa]], [[ang|būan]], [[osx|būan]] and [[nl|bouwen]].^(Kluge 2011|97)^(Kroonen 2013) The old verb meant “to dwell”; according to Kluge the modern sense “to build (a house)” is young, late Middle High German, and probably comes from a verb formed on [[Bau]] (Old High German [[m|goh|bū|t=dwelling]]) that merged with the older verbs.^(Kluge 2011|97)^(Wahrig Herkunftswörterbuch) The Revised Grimm dictionary points out that the glosses already have the building sense.^(DWB2|4, 293)

+

+ The Germanic forms are hard to reconcile with one another.^(Kluge 2011|97)^(Kroonen 2013) Kroonen explains [[m|gem-pro|*būan-]] and the Gothic form as ablaut grades of one root present,^(Kroonen 2013) and Wiktionary derives the verb from the root aorist of [[ine-pro|*bʰuH-|t=to be, grow]].^(Wiktionary) This is the root of “to become, be”, found in [[la|sum|alt=fuī|t=I was]], [[lt|būti|alt=bū́ti|t=to be]], [[cu|быти|tr=byti|t=to be]], [[grc|φύω|tr=phúō|t=I bring forth]] and [[sa|भवति|tr=bhávati|t=becomes, is]], and in the German forms [[bin]] and [[bist]].^(Kluge 2011|97)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2014|154) Pfeifer and Duden think the root first meant “to swell, thrive”, the same as that of [[Beule]], but the Revised Grimm dictionary calls this connection disputed.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2014|154)^(DWB2|4, 293)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old High German ''būan'' is recorded from the third quarter of the 8th century in the glosses (''puuuit'' for Latin ''habitat'' “dwells”), and then in the Old Alemannic Psalms, Otfrid and Notker.^(Köbler AHD)^(DWB2|4, 293) It meant “to dwell, inhabit, live” and “to farm”.^(Schützeichel 2012|63)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ From “to settle, dwell” came the basic tasks of settlers: tilling the fields, putting up houses, making tools and winning ores.^(DWB2|4, 293) The sense “to dwell” was pushed back from Middle High German on and lasted only in some phrases until the 18th century;^(Duden 7 2014|154)^(DWB2|4, 293) Adelung in 1787 listed ''bauen'' for ''wohnen'' among obsolete senses.^(Duden 7 2014|154)^(DWB2|4, 293) The farming sense, as in ''den Acker bauen'', passed largely to prefixed verbs such as [[anbauen]] and [[bebauen]], and “to erect” became the main sense.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2014|154)

+

+ The figurative ''auf jemanden bauen'' “to rely on someone” and ''auf Sand bauen'' come from the Bible.^(Duden 7 2014|154) [[erbauen]] “to edify” follows Church Latin [[m|la|aedificō|alt=aedificāre]].^(Pfeifer 1993) Colloquially one can now also “build” an exam or an accident, and [[aufbauen]] “to build up (a person)” is a loan translation of English “build up”.^(Duden 7 2014|154)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 8th century – Old High German ''būan'' “to dwell” appears in the glosses.^(Köbler AHD)^(Kluge 2011|97)

+ * 822–840 – Old Saxon ''būan'' is used in the ''Heliand''.^(DWB2|4, 293)

+ * 14th century – ''bebauen'' “to till” is recorded.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * Late Middle High German – ''bauen'' takes the sense “to build a house”.^(Kluge 2011|97)

+ * 15th century – ''anbauen'' is recorded.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 1787 – Adelung calls the sense “to dwell” obsolete.^(DWB2|4, 293)

+ * 20th century – ''aufbauen'' “to build up (a person)” is formed after English.^(Duden 7 2014|154)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|build]], [[m|en|construct]] according to a plan: houses, bridges, roads;^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary) ''die Amseln bauen ihr Nest in der Hecke''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To have a house built: ''unsere Nachbarn haben letztes Jahr gebaut''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # To design or make machines, instruments, ships: ''eine Geige bauen''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary DE)

+ # With ''auf'': to [[m|en|rely]] on someone or something.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(colloquial)'' To take (an exam); to cause (something bad): ''einen Unfall bauen'', ''Mist bauen''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(rare)'' To grow crops: wheat, vegetables.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # ''(slang)'' To roll (a joint).^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[Bau]]

+ * [[Bauer]]

+ * [[Gebäude]]

+ * [[baufällig]]

+ * [[abbauen]]

+ * [[anbauen]]

+ * [[aufbauen]]

+ * [[ausbauen]]

+ * [[bebauen]]

+ * [[einbauen]]

+ * [[erbauen]]

+ * [[umbauen]]

+ * [[verbauen]]

+ * [[vorbauen]]

+ * [[Baustelle]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[Anbau]]

+ * [[Bauten]]

+ * [[Nachbar]]

+ * [[bin]]

+ * [[Bude]]

+ * [[Physik]]

+ * [[Futur]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Mist bauen'' is colloquial for making a mess of something.^(Duden GWDS 1999) ''Auf Sand bauen'', to build on sand, goes back to the Gospel parable.^(Duden 7 2014|154)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}