Raum German · revision 35200

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=9th century, Old High German|origins=ine-pro *reu-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ʁaʊ̯m/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''Raum''' ''m'' (genitive Raumes or Raums, plural Räume)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|rūm]], [[inh|goh|rūm]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*rūm]], [[inh|gem-pro|*rūmą|t=room, open space]].^(Kluge 2011|749)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Wiktionary) The noun is a substantivised adjective, [[m|gem-pro|*rūmaz|t=roomy, spacious]], found in [[got|𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍃|tr=rūms]], [[non|rúmr]] and [[goh|rūmi|t=wide, far]] (8th century), which lives on in [[geraum]] and, extended, in [[geräumig]].^(Kluge 2011|749)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020|676)

+

+ The noun itself is [[m|got|𐍂𐌿𐌼|tr=rūm]], [[m|non|rúm]], [[ang|rūm]] and [[osx|rūm]]; it is neuter in Gothic, Old Norse and Old Saxon and masculine only in High German.^(Kluge 2011|749)^(DWB|14, 275) The same word is [[nl|ruim]], [[en|room]], [[sv|rum]] and [[is|rúm]].^(Kluge 2011|749)

+

+ Kluge derives the adjective from a root [[ine-pro|*reu-]] whose original sense is hard to grasp, attested in [[ae|rauuah-|t=open space, freedom]], [[txb|ru-|t=to open]], [[la|rūs|t=country, land]] and [[cu|равьнъ|tr=ravĭnŭ|t=level, equal]].^(Kluge 2011|749) Pfeifer reconstructs [[m|ine-pro|*rēu-]], [[m|ine-pro|*rū-]] “wide space; to open”,^(Pfeifer 1993) and Wiktionary sets up [[m|ine-pro|*rewh₁-]] “to tear open”.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Kluge dates the noun to the 9th century and the adjective ''rūmi'' to the 8th;^(Kluge 2011|749) Köbler finds ''rūm'' “space, interval” in glosses of the 10th century and in Williram's commentary on the Song of Songs (1060–1065),^(Köbler AHD)^(Köbler MHD)^(Schützeichel 2012|266) and Pfeifer gives the 11th century.^(Pfeifer 1993) Paul takes the original sense to be “the empty, unfilled”.^(Paul 2002) In Middle High German, with Wolfram and Gottfried's ''Tristan'', it meant room to move freely or to stay in,^(Lexer 1872|2, 534)^(Pfeifer 1993) and also what has to be cleared away, sweepings, a sense kept in [[Abraum]].^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Köbler MHD)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Only later did ''Raum'' come to mean something extended with definite bounds, whether filled or not, especially a room in a building; the youngest use is the general mathematical and philosophical concept of space.^(Paul 2002) Early New High German already had the senses “area of land, region”, “capacity of a vessel”, “outer space” and “period of time”.^(FWB) From the sense “room to move” came “opportunity, scope for something”, as in Luther and Goethe and in the phrase ''Raum geben'' “to give way to” (anger, a request); the time sense lives on chiefly in [[Zeitraum]] and [[Zwischenraum]].^(Paul 2002)

+

+ The adjective ''raum'' “wide, open” survives only in seamen's language, of the open sea and of a wind from abaft the beam.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden GWDS 1999) In some Low German writers of the 16th and 17th centuries the noun is neuter, as in the north.^(DWB|14, 275) [[Raumfähre]] was formed in the second half of the 20th century after English ''space shuttle''.^(Duden 7 2020|676) Modern Hebrew has borrowed [[Lebensraum]].^(LWP)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 8th century – The adjective ''rūmi'' “wide” is recorded.^(Kluge 2011|749)

+ * 9th century – First record of the noun.^(Kluge 2011|749)

+ * 10th century – ''rūm'' glosses Latin words for space.^(Köbler AHD)

+ * 1060–1065 – Williram uses ''rūm''.^(Köbler MHD)

+ * 17th century – ''räumlich'' and ''Räumlichkeit'' appear.^(Duden 7 2020|676)

+ * Second half of the 20th century – ''Raumfähre'' is coined after English ''space shuttle''.^(Duden 7 2020|676)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|room]]: a part of a building enclosed by walls, floor and ceiling, used to live or work in: ''ein heller, hoher Raum''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # [[m|en|space]] extending in length, breadth and height without fixed limits.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary DE)

+ # A space with fixed limits; capacity, [[m|en|volume]].^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(elevated)'' Room, space available to someone or something; also [[m|en|scope]]: ''Raum für Zweifel''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Short for [[Weltraum]]: outer space.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary DE)

+ # An [[m|en|area]] or region without exact limits: ''im Raum Köln''.^(Wiktionary DE)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(mathematics)'' A set with a structure, such as a vector space.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary DE)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[räumen]]

+ * [[räumlich]]

+ * [[Räumlichkeit]]

+ * [[geräumig]]

+ * [[Weltraum]]

+ * [[Zeitraum]]

+ * [[Spielraum]]

+ * [[Zwischenraum]]

+ * [[Abraum]]

+ * [[Lebensraum]]

+ * [[Raumfähre]]

+ * [[Raumfahrt]]

+ * [[Raumschiff]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[geraum]]

+ * [[Räumte]]

+ * [[en|room]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Etwas in den Raum stellen'' is to put something up for discussion, and something that ''im Raum steht'' is a question that has been raised and awaits an answer.^(Duden GWDS 1999) An archaic and dialectal ''Raum'' “cream” is a by-form of [[Rahm]], from Middle High German ''roum'', of a separate origin.^(Wiktionary)^(EWA|7, 681)^(DWB|14, 283)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}