unterstützen German · revision 35183

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=12th century, Old High German gloss|origins=gem-pro *stuttijaną}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ʊntɐˈʃtʏt͡sən/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''unterstützen''' (third-person singular present unterstützt, past tense unterstützte, past participle unterstützt, auxiliary haben)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|understützen]], [[inh|goh|untarstuzzen]], formed with [[m|goh|untar|t=under]] on a verb [[m|goh|-stuzzen]] that occurs only with prefixes.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020|838)^(DWB) The compound is older than the simple verb [[stützen]], which is recorded in High German only from the beginning of the 17th century.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020|838) Related forms are [[gml|understutten]], [[nl|onderstutten]], [[da|understøtte]] and [[sv|understödja]].^(DWB|24, 1847)

+

+ The simple verb is an intensive with a doubled consonant, [[gem-pro|*stuttijaną]], beside [[goh|gistuden|t=to set up]] and [[non|styðja|t=to fix, support]].^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Kluge 2011|896)^(Wiktionary) These are formed from a noun “post, prop” seen in [[ang|studu]], [[en|stud]] and [[m|non|stoð]].^(Kluge 2011|896)^(Pfeifer 1993) Pfeifer takes it back to an extension of [[ine-pro|*steh₂-|alt=*stā-|t=to stand]],^(Pfeifer 1993) while Kluge only refers to the unsolved problems of [[Stunde]] and [[stur]].^(Kluge 2011|896)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old High German ''untarstuzzen'' is found in a gloss in a 12th-century manuscript.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Köbler MHD) It meant “to prop up from below”, a sense Paul calls rare today.^(Paul 2002)^(Köbler MHD)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Since Early New High German the verb has meant “to help, promote”.^(Paul 2002) A Terence translation of 1499 already uses it of supplying someone with money.^(DWB|24, 1847) Adelung records helping ''mit Rat und Tat'' or with money, supporting a request, and, in painting, the shadows that bring out the lights.^(Adelung 1793|4, 929) Supporting persons such as artists is recorded from 1758–61.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ The separable verb, stressed on ''unter'', kept the concrete sense “to set something underneath as a prop”: an elbow ''untergestützt'' is found in 1565.^(DWB|24, 1847)^(Adelung 1793|4, 929) In computing, a device or program ''unterstützt'' a format or function when it is compatible with it.^(Wiktionary DE)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 12th century – Old High German ''untarstuzzen'' in a gloss.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 1499 – A Terence translation uses the verb for supplying money.^(DWB|24, 1847)

+ * 1565 – The separable ''untergestützt'' of a propped elbow.^(DWB|24, 1847)

+ * Early 17th century – The simple verb ''stützen'' appears in High German.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 1758–61 – The verb is used of supporting artists.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|support]], help someone with work, advice or money: ''Die Großeltern unterstützen das junge Paar finanziell.''^(Wiktionary)^(Wiktionary DE)^(Adelung 1793|4, 929)

+ # To back, [[m|en|endorse]] a proposal or a person: ''Die Fraktion unterstützt den Antrag.''^(Wiktionary)^(Wiktionary DE)

+ # To promote, aid an effect: ''Bewegung unterstützt die Heilung.''^(Wiktionary)^(Adelung 1793|4, 929)

+ # ''(computing)'' To be [[m|en|compatible]] with a format or function: ''Das Gerät unterstützt kabelloses Laden.''^(Wiktionary DE)

+ # ''(dated)'' To prop up from below.^(Paul 2002)^(DWB|24, 1847)

+ # ''(separable, únterstützen)'' To put something under as a prop: ''die Hand unter die Wange unterstützen''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary DE)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[Unterstützung]]

+ * [[Unterstützer]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[stützen]]

+ * [[Stütze]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Jemanden mit Rat und Tat unterstützen'' is to help someone in every way.^(Adelung 1793|4, 929)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}