starten German · revision 35169

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=1862}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈʃtartən/, [ˈʃtaʁ.tn̩], [ˈʃtaɐ̯-]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''starten''' (third-person singular present startet, past tense startete, past participle gestartet, auxiliary haben or sein)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[bor|en|start|t=to set off, begin]], borrowed in the second half of the 19th century, first in horse racing; the noun [[Start]] was taken from English at about the same time.^(Kluge 2011|877)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(DFWB)^(Duden 7 2007) The English verb meant “to rush off, leap up, move suddenly”, which developed into “to set out, begin”.^(DFWB)^(Pfeifer 1993) It is distantly related to [[stürzen]], with a different ablaut grade.^(Kluge 2011|877)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Wiktionary) The same borrowing is [[nl|starten]].^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The ''Deutsches Fremdwörterbuch'' has its first example from 1862.^(DFWB) At first the verb belonged to sport, especially racing, used both of starting a race and of the runners or horses that set off; it also meant taking part in a competition.^(DFWB)^(Pfeifer 1993) An example from 1885 speaks of racing “on the water”, and one from 1895 puts ''starten'' in quotation marks as still a foreign word.^(DFWB)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ From sport the verb spread to any setting off on a journey, and then to vehicles, aircraft and later rockets.^(DFWB)^(Pfeifer 1993) Transitively it came to mean setting an engine or a machine going, and in recent decades a computer or a program.^(DFWB)^(Duden GWDS 1999) In a figurative sense it means to begin or launch an undertaking, such as a campaign or an event; during the Second World War it was used in particular of military operations, as in ''eine Offensive starten''.^(DFWB) The noun ''Starter'', from English [[m|en|starter]], first meant the official who gives the signal and a competitor; since the first half of the 20th century it has also meant the device that starts an engine.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2007)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1862 – First record of ''starten''.^(DFWB)

+ * Second half of the 19th century – ''Start'' and ''starten'' are used in racing.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Kluge 2011|877)

+ * 1885 – The verb is used of a race on water.^(DFWB)

+ * First half of the 20th century – ''Starter'' comes to mean a device for starting an engine.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * Second World War – ''starten'' is used of military operations.^(DFWB)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # ''(transitive)'' To start a [[m|en|race]] or contest, give the signal for it: ''Der Schiedsrichter startet das Rennen.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(DFWB)

+ # ''(intransitive, with sein)'' To set off in a race or contest: ''Sie ist als Erste gestartet.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(intransitive, with sein)'' To compete, take part in a contest: ''für einen Verein starten''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(DFWB)

+ # ''(transitive)'' To [[m|en|launch]] something towards a goal: ''einen Satelliten starten''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # ''(intransitive, with sein)'' To set off; of an aircraft, to [[m|en|take off]]: ''Die Maschine nach Rom startete mit Verspätung.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(transitive)'' To set going, switch on: ''den Motor starten'', ''ein Programm starten''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(intransitive)'' Of a machine or program, to start up.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # ''(transitive)'' To begin or launch an undertaking: ''eine Kampagne starten''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(DFWB)

+ # ''(intransitive, with sein)'' To set out on an undertaking; to begin, get under way.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary DE)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[startbereit]]

+ * [[startklar]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[Start]]

+ * [[Starter]]

+ * [[stürzen]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}