Stimme German · revision 35168

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=late 8th century, Old High German glosses|origins=gem-pro *stebnō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈʃtɪmə/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''Stimme''' ''f'' (genitive Stimme, plural Stimmen, diminutive Stimmchen n)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|stimme]], [[inh|goh|stimma]] or [[m|goh|stimna]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*stebnu]], [[inh|gem-pro|*stebnō|t=voice]].^(Wiktionary)^(Kluge 2011|886)^(EWA|8, 1102) Kluge sets up the Germanic form as [[m|gem-pro|*stemnō]], and Kroonen as [[m|gem-pro|*stimnō-]].^(Kluge 2011|886)^(Kroonen 2013) The same word is [[got|𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌱𐌽𐌰|tr=stibna]], [[osx|stemna]], [[ang|stefn]] or [[m|ang|stemn]], [[ofs|stifne]] and [[nl|stem]];^(Kluge 2011|886)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(DWB|18, 3059) Swedish and Danish took it from Middle Low German.^(Kluge 2011|886)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(DWB|18, 3059)

+

+ Kroonen explains the variation between forms with /e/ (Gothic, Old High German) and with /a/ or umlaut (Old English, Old Saxon) as a remnant of Indo-European ablaut in an old neuter noun.^(Kroonen 2013) Its further origin is uncertain.^(Duden 7 2020)^(Wahrig Herkunftswörterbuch)^(Duden GWDS 1999) Kluge considers it most likely that it is an extension of an Indo-European word for “mouth” found in [[grc|στόμα|tr=stóma|t=mouth]], [[ae|staman-|t=muzzle]] and [[cy|safn|t=mouth, jaw]], although the sound changes are not clear in detail.^(Kluge 2011|886) The shift from “mouth” to “voice” would be like the one in [[Kehle]], and Greek has [[m|grc|εὔστομος|tr=eústomos]], literally “with a fine mouth”, used of fine speech.^(Kluge 2011|886) Pfeifer and Duden regard the connection as possible, with [[ine-pro|*stomen-|t=mouth]].^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020) Orel calls the word of unknown origin, and the Grimms' dictionary found no certain cognates outside Germanic.^(Orel 2003)^(DWB|18, 3059)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old High German ''stimna'', ''stimma'' is recorded from the end of the 8th century in glosses, and then in Isidor, the Monsee fragments, the Tatian, Otfrid and Notker.^(EWA|8, 1102)^(Schützeichel 2012|314)^(Köbler AHD) It meant “voice, sound, tone, speech, call”, and Latin ''vox'' and ''sonus'' were its usual equivalents; the phrase ''stimna geban'' meant “to raise one's voice”.^(EWA|8, 1102)^(Schützeichel 2012|314) The Tatian uses it of the loud sound of trumpets.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Musical uses are old: ''Stimme'' meant a singing voice already in Old High German; since the 16th century it has also meant a part in a piece for several voices.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Paul 2002) Expressions for high and low voices became common especially from the 18th century.^(Pfeifer 1993) From the 14th century the word also meant a vote, the opinion one gives in a council or an election; the Grimms' dictionary has it from 1325.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020)^(Paul 2002) Phrases followed such as ''jemandem seine Stimme geben'' (16th century, in Middle Low German about 1500) and ''Sitz und Stimme haben'' “to have a seat and a vote” (18th century), with compounds like ''Stimmrecht'' and ''Stimmenmehrheit''.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020) In the 18th century the sense weakened to any expression of opinion, and Herder's collection of folk songs was called ''Stimmen der Völker in Liedern''.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ In the figurative sense it names an inner prompting, the voice of conscience or of God.^(Paul 2002)^(Duden GWDS 1999) From the late 19th century phonetics used it for the vibration of the vocal cords in voiced sounds.^(Paul 2002) ''Stimmvieh'' (1857), a scornful word for voters herded to the polls, translates American English ''voting cattle''.^(Paul 2002)^(Pfeifer 1993) From the noun came the verb [[stimmen]], in Middle High German “to let one's voice be heard, to name”, and later “to tune” and “to be correct”.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * Late 8th century – Old High German ''stimna'' appears in glosses.^(EWA|8, 1102)^(Köbler AHD)

+ * 9th century – The Tatian has the variant ''stemna''.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 1325 – First record of the sense “vote”.^(Paul 2002)

+ * 16th century – ''Stimme'' means a part in a piece of music for several voices.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 18th century – ''Sitz und Stimme haben'', ''Stimmrecht'' and ''Stimmenmehrheit'' are recorded.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020)

+ * 1857 – ''Stimmvieh'' is coined after American English ''voting cattle''.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # The ability to produce sounds or speak; [[m|en|voice]] as a faculty.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary DE)

+ # The sound produced in speaking or singing, or by an animal; a voice as heard: ''Aus dem Garten drangen leise Stimmen herein.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # The characteristic sound or [[m|en|tone]] of a person's voice: ''Er erkannte sie sofort an der Stimme.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # A singing voice: ''Sie hat eine kräftige Stimme.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary DE)

+ # ''(music)'' A [[m|en|part]] in a piece for several voices or instruments.^(Wiktionary DE)^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ # An inner prompting; the voice of conscience, of reason: ''eine innere Stimme''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # A [[m|en|vote]] cast in an election or decision: ''seine Stimme abgeben''.^(Wiktionary)^(Wiktionary DE)

+ # An expressed [[m|en|opinion]]: ''Es wurden kritische Stimmen laut.''^(Wiktionary DE)^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[stimmen]]

+ * [[Stimmung]]

+ * [[einstimmig]]

+ * [[mehrstimmig]]

+ * [[stimmhaft]]

+ * [[stimmlos]]

+ * [[Stimmband]]

+ * [[Stimmbruch]]

+ * [[Stimmlage]]

+ * [[Stimmrecht]]

+ * [[Stimmenmehrheit]]

+ * [[Stimmvieh]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[en|steven]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}