Milliarde German · revision 35164

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=1773|origins=la mīlle}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /mɪˈli̯aʁdə/, [mɪlˈjaʁ.də], [mɪ.liˈaʁ.də]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''Milliarde''' ''f'' (genitive Milliarde, plural Milliarden, diminutive Milliärdchen n)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[bor|fr|milliard|t=a thousand million]], borrowed in the 18th century.^(Kluge 2011|623)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(DFWB) Kluge derives the French word from [[pro|milhar|t=a full thousand]], from [[la|mīliārium|t=a thousand]], from [[m|la|mīlle|t=thousand]].^(Kluge 2011|623) Pfeifer and Duden instead see it as formed from [[m|fr|million]] by exchanging the ending -on for -ard;^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2007) the Middle French form was [[m|frm|miliart]].^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2007) The French masculine became feminine in German after [[Million]], which itself follows the gender of [[Zahl]].^(DFWB)^(DWB|12, 2217)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ The same French word was borrowed as [[nl|miljard]] and [[sv|miljard]].^(Kluge 2011|623) Its value was fixed in a system in which this name is given to a thousand millions and a million millions a [[Billion]]; the United States and, increasingly, Britain count otherwise, so that the German word corresponds to English [[m|en|billion]].^(Kluge 2011|623)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The first record is the form ''Milliard'', in an orthographic handbook of 1773.^(DFWB)^(Paul 2002) Brockes wrote ''milliare'', after the French pronunciation without /d/, and Campe listed ''Milliarde'' in 1801.^(DWB|12, 2217)^(DFWB)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The word was rare until the 19th century.^(DFWB)^(DWB|12, 2217) It became familiar when France paid Germany five ''Milliarden'' francs as war indemnity after the war of 1870–1871.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(DWB|12, 2217) Hungarian took it from German as ''milliárd'' in 1795.^(LWP)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1773 – ''Milliard'' appears in an orthographic handbook.^(DFWB)

+ * 1795 – Hungarian ''milliárd'' is recorded.^(LWP)

+ * 1801 – Campe lists ''Milliarde''.^(DFWB)

+ * 1871 – The French war indemnity of five thousand million francs makes the word common.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(DWB|12, 2217)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A thousand million, 10⁹; a [[m|en|billion]]: ''drei Milliarden Euro''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)^(Duden Fremdwörterbuch 2007)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[Milliardär]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[Million]]

+ * [[Billion]]

+ * [[Billiarde]]

+ * [[Meile]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ The usual abbreviations are ''Mrd'' and ''Md'', each followed by a full stop.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Duden Fremdwörterbuch 2007) ''Billion'' in German is not the English ''billion'' but a million times a million, and the next step after it is ''Billiarde''.^(Kluge 2011|623)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}