holen German · revision 35162

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=8th century, Old High German glosses|origins=gmw-pro *holōn}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈhoːlən/, [ˈhoːlən], [ˈhoːl̩n]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''holen''' (third-person singular present holt, past tense holte, past participle geholt, auxiliary haben)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|holen]] or [[m|gmh|haln]], [[inh|goh|holōn]] beside [[m|goh|halōn]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*holōn]].^(Kluge 2011|422)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Wiktionary) Kluge reconstructs West Germanic [[m|gmw-pro|*hal-ō-]] with a variant [[m|gmw-pro|*hul-ō-]], and the forms with /a/ and /o/ stand in ablaut.^(Kluge 2011|422)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020) The same verb is [[osx|halōn]], [[ofs|halia]], [[ang|geholian|t=to obtain]] and [[nl|halen|t=to fetch, pull]].^(Kluge 2011|422)^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ Its origin is not certain.^(Pfeifer 1993) It is usually connected with a root meaning “to call”, [[ine-pro|*kelh₁-|t=to call, summon]], found in [[la|calō|t=to call out, summon]], [[grc|καλέω|tr=kaléō|t=I call]] and [[hit|kalleš-|t=to call]], and in an old use for the cockerel, [[sga|cailech|t=cock]].^(Kluge 2011|422)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Wiktionary) In German the root also gave [[hell]] and [[Hall]].^(Duden 7 2020)^(Pfeifer 1993) The meaning would have gone from “call” to “summon” and then to “fetch”.^(Wahrig Herkunftswörterbuch) Pfeifer mentions a second view, which starts from “to pull, bring with effort” and compares [[grc|κάλως|tr=kálōs|t=rope]], but Frisk keeps that word apart as a technical loan.^(Pfeifer 1993) [[non|hala|t=to pull]], from which come [[en|haul]] and [[m|en|hale]], is in Kluge's view probably of another root that may have influenced this one, while Wiktionary treats the English verb as a cognate.^(Kluge 2011|422)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old High German ''halōn'', ''holōn'' appears in glosses from about 765, and then in the Tatian, Otfrid, the ''Muspilli'', the ''Ludwigslied'' and Notker.^(Köbler AHD)^(Schützeichel 2012|139) Its senses were “to fetch, bring; to call, summon; to take”.^(Schützeichel 2012|139)^(Köbler AHD) The Tatian renders Latin ''voca virum tuum'' “call your husband” as ''halô thînan gomman'', and the Old Saxon ''Heliand'' uses ''halôn'' the same way.^(DWB|10, 1741)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The old sense “call” lasted where the object is a person: one ''holt'' the doctor or the police, and already in Old High German a man ''holt'' a wife.^(DWB|10, 1741)^(Duden GWDS 1999) The cry ''hol über!'' to the ferryman is found in the ''Nibelungenlied''.^(Paul 2002)^(DWB|10, 1741) The curse ''der Teufel soll dich holen'' “the devil take you” dates from the 17th century.^(Paul 2002) Reflexive ''sich etwas holen'', of illness, blows or death, was used by Jean Paul, and ''Atem holen'' “to draw breath” is in Stieler.^(Paul 2002) In seamen's language ''holen'' means to haul or pull, and regionally it means simply “to buy”.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Duden 7 2020)

+

+ Among the derivatives, ''erholen'' first meant “to obtain, recover”, then “to recover one's strength”, and ''überholen'' (16th century) “to overtake”; its technical sense “to overhaul” translates English [[m|en|overhaul]] in seamen's language around 1870.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020) Polish took ''holować'' “to tow” from German in 1675.^(LWP)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * About 765 – Old High German ''halōn'' appears in glosses.^(Köbler AHD)

+ * 9th century – The variant ''holēn'' is recorded.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 16th century – ''überholen'' “to overtake” appears.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 17th century – The curse ''der Teufel hole dich'' is recorded.^(Paul 2002)

+ * 1675 – Polish ''holować'' “to tow” is borrowed.^(LWP)

+ * About 1870 – ''überholen'' “to overhaul” is calqued on English.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To go and [[m|en|fetch]], to get and bring back: ''Kannst du Milch aus dem Kühlschrank holen?''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To call or bring someone to where they are needed: ''den Notarzt holen''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To collect and take away: ''Die Altkleider werden am Montag geholt.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # ''(euphemistic)'' To arrest someone; of death, to take someone away.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # ''(reflexive)'' To get, ask for: ''sich bei einer Kollegin Rat holen''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary DE)

+ # ''(colloquial)'' To win: ''eine Goldmedaille holen''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary DE)

+ # ''(reflexive, colloquial)'' To [[m|en|catch]] an illness or something unpleasant: ''sich eine Erkältung holen''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(nautical)'' To [[m|en|haul]], pull in.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # ''(regional)'' To buy.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[abholen]]

+ * [[aufholen]]

+ * [[ausholen]]

+ * [[einholen]]

+ * [[erholen]]

+ * [[Erholung]]

+ * [[herausholen]]

+ * [[nachholen]]

+ * [[überholen]]

+ * [[wiederholen]]

+ * [[zurückholen]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[hell]]

+ * [[Hall]]

+ * [[hallo]]

+ * [[holla]]

+ * [[nl|halen]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Bei ihm ist nichts zu holen'' means that someone has nothing that could be taken from him, for example by creditors.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Paul 2002) ''Atem holen'' and ''Luft holen'' are “to draw breath”.^(Paul 2002)^(Wiktionary DE)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}