hin German · revision 35160

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=8th century, Old High German glosses and the Hildebrandslied|origins=ine-pro *ḱi-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /hɪn/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''hin'''^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|hin]] (also [[m|gmh|hine]]), [[inh|goh|hina]], an adverb formed with an n-suffix from the pronoun stem [[gem-pro|*hi-|t=this]], from [[ine-pro|*ḱi-|t=this]], and so originally meant “away from here”.^(Kluge 2011|416)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(EWA|4, 1023) The same formation is found in [[osx|hin-]] (in compounds), [[gml|hen]], [[dum|hene]], [[nl|heen]] and the prefix [[ang|hin-]].^(Kluge 2011|416)^(Pfeifer 1993) The same pronoun stem underlies [[her]], [[hier]] and [[heute]], and the pronoun [[en|he]].^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Paul 2002) Outside Germanic, Pfeifer compares [[sga|cen|t=on this side; without]], which matches it closely, [[la|cis|t=on this side]] and [[lt|šìs|t=this]].^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ A longer form, [[goh|hinnān]] (modern [[hinnen]]), parallels [[ang|heonan]], the source of [[en|hence]].^(Kluge 2011|417)^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old High German ''hina'' is recorded from the 8th century: Köbler lists glosses of about 765 and the ''Hildebrandslied'', and it is common in Tatian, Otfrid, Notker and Williram.^(Köbler AHD)^(Schützeichel 2012|152)^(EWA|4, 1023) It meant “away from here, hence”, also “away from earthly life”, and of time “from now on, afterwards”, always pointing away from the speaker, the opposite of [[her]].^(EWA|4, 1023)^(Schützeichel 2012|152)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The old sense “away from the speaker” lives on mainly in the adverbs formed with it, such as [[hinab]], [[hinauf]], [[hinaus]] and [[hinein]], which go back to Old High German phrases like ''hina ūf'' and ''hina ūz''.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(EWA|4, 1023) In southern colloquial speech these are cut down to ''nauf'', ''naus'', ''nein'', as the Grimms already noted.^(DWB|10, 1371)^(Paul 2002) Today ''hin'' mostly marks the direction towards a goal named in the sentence (''zum Meer hin'', ''dorthin'', ''wohin''), whatever the speaker's position.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Paul 2002)^(Duden 7 2014|384)

+

+ With verbs such as ''fallen'' and ''sinken'' it took on the sense “down to the ground”.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2014|384) Stressing removal, it became a synonym of [[weg]] and [[fort]], which led to the colloquial predicative uses “lost, broken, exhausted, dead”.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Paul 2002)^(Duden 7 2014|384) Of time it points from the present into the future or the past, as in ''weiterhin'' and [[vorhin]].^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Paul 2002) In words like ''schlechthin'' and ''gemeinhin'' it has lost any clear spatial or temporal meaning.^(Duden 7 2014|384)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 8th century – Old High German ''hina'' appears in glosses and the ''Hildebrandslied''.^(Köbler AHD)^(EWA|4, 1023)

+ * 9th century – ''hina ūz'', the forerunner of ''hinaus'', is recorded.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(EWA|4, 1023)

+ * c. 1000 – ''hina ūf'' and ''hina in'' (later ''hinauf'', ''hinein'') appear.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(EWA|4, 1023)

+ * Mid-16th century – ''hingegen'' is used as an adverb, “in reply”; as a conjunction “on the other hand” it follows at the end of the century.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 19th century – the longer form ''hinnen'' drops out of everyday use.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adverb===

+ # Towards a place or point: ''nach Norden hin'' “towards the north”, ''gegen Abend hin'' “towards evening”.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Along or through, marking extent in space or time: ''über viele Jahre hin'' “over many years”, ''vor sich hin summen'' “to hum to oneself”.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # ''(colloquial)'' Split off from ''wohin'' or ''dahin'': ''Wo fährst du hin?'' “Where are you going?”^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # ''auf … hin'': in view of, on the basis of, or with a view to something: ''auf seine Empfehlung hin'' “on his [[m|en|recommendation]]”.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ===Adjective===

+ # ''(colloquial, predicative)'' Gone, lost: ''Das Geld ist hin.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(colloquial, predicative)'' Broken, [[m|en|kaput]]: ''Der Drucker ist hin.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(colloquial, predicative)'' Worn out, [[m|en|exhausted]], or ruined.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(slang, predicative)'' Dead.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(colloquial)'' Carried away, [[m|en|captivated]], often ''hin und weg''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[hinab]]

+ * [[hinauf]]

+ * [[hinaus]]

+ * [[hinein]]

+ * [[hinüber]]

+ * [[hinunter]]

+ * [[hinweg]]

+ * [[hinzu]]

+ * [[dahin]]

+ * [[wohin]]

+ * [[vorhin]]

+ * [[hingegen]]

+ * [[hinnen]]

+ * [[hinfällig]]

+ * [[hinrichten]]

+ * [[schlechthin]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[her]]

+ * [[hier]]

+ * [[heute]]

+ * [[en|hence]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Hin und her'' “to and fro” and ''hin und wieder'' “now and then” pair ''hin'' with its opposite;^(Adelung 1793|2, 1180) Adelung already uses ''hin und wieder'' for “here and there”.^(Adelung 1793|2, 1180) The proverbial ''hin ist hin'' means “what is gone is gone”.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}