Krieg German · revision 35151

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=2nd quarter of the 9th century, Old High German glosses|origins=gmw-pro *krīg}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * [kʁiːk], [kriːç]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''Krieg''' ''m'' (genitive Krieges or Kriegs, plural Kriege, diminutive Kriegchen n)^(Wiktionary)

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+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|kriec]], [[inh|goh|krieg]] (also [[m|goh|kreg]]), [[inh|gmw-pro|*krīg]].^(Kluge 2011|542)^(Wiktionary)^(EWA|5, 785) The word is found only in German and Dutch, with [[gml|krīch]], [[dum|crijch]] and [[nl|krijg]]; [[ofs|halskrīga|t=stiffness of the neck]] belongs with them.^(Kluge 2011|542)^(Duden 7 2020|479)^(Pfeifer 1993) The vowel of the Old High German form points to a late Germanic /ē/ where the other languages have /ī/.^(EWA|5, 785)

+

+ Its origin is unclear.^(Kluge 2011|542)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020|479) Kluge thinks most likely of a base [[ine-pro|*gʷrei-]], seen also in [[grc|βρίμη|tr=brímē|t=force, fury]] and [[m|grc|ὕβρις|tr=húbris|t=arrogance, violence]], and perhaps in [[sga|bríg|t=strength, power]] and [[lv|grīns|t=grim, angry]].^(Kluge 2011|542) Pfeifer asks whether it belongs to the root of [[kirre]] “heavy” or to [[ine-pro|*ger-|t=to turn, wind]], and notes de Vries's suggestion of a substrate word of continental western Europe.^(Pfeifer 1993)

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+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The first records are glosses of the second quarter of the 9th century, from Alemannic, where ''kreg'' renders Latin ''pertinacia'' “stubbornness”.^(EWA|5, 785)^(Köbler AHD) Old High German ''krieg'' thus meant “obstinacy, persistence”, a sense Paul and Pfeifer also give.^(Paul 2002)^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In Middle High German ''kriec'' covered effort, striving for or against something, resistance, quarrel, dispute in words or in court, and armed fighting.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020|479) The modern sense “war” prevailed in late Middle High German, pushing out the older [[gmh|urliuge]];^(Paul 2002) Gottfried's ''Tristan'' already uses both side by side.^(Paul 2002) The wider sense “quarrel” lingered, as in Mauthner's essay collection ''Kleiner Krieg'' (1879).^(Paul 2002)

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+ The derived verb [[kriegen]] first meant “to strive, fight”; its colloquial modern sense “to get” comes from Middle German ''erkrīgen'' “to win by striving”.^(Duden 7 2020|479)^(Wahrig Herkunftswörterbuch) ''Kriegserklärung'' and ''Kriegsschauplatz'' (18th century) are loan translations of French ''déclaration de guerre'' and ''théâtre de la guerre''.^(Duden 7 2020|479) English took ''sitzkrieg'' (1940) from German.^(LWP)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 2nd quarter of the 9th century – ''kreg'' glosses Latin ''pertinacia''.^(EWA|5, 785)

+ * Late Middle High German – “war” becomes the main sense.^(Paul 2002)

+ * 1538 – ''kriegerisch'' is recorded.^(Paul 2002)

+ * 18th century – ''Kriegserklärung'' is formed after French.^(Duden 7 2020|479)

+ * 1940 – English borrows ''sitzkrieg''.^(LWP)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|war|alt=War]]: an armed conflict between states or peoples lasting some time: ''einen Krieg erklären'', ''der Dreißigjährige Krieg''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A long-running fierce conflict or quarrel between groups or people: ''Zwischen den Nachbarn herrscht seit Jahren Krieg.''^(Wiktionary DE)^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[Krieger]]

+ * [[kriegerisch]]

+ * [[kriegen]]

+ * [[Bürgerkrieg]]

+ * [[Weltkrieg]]

+ * [[Kriegserklärung]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[Kraft]]

+ * [[kregel]]

+ * [[en|sitzkrieg]]

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+ ==Usage notes==

+ The Grimms' dictionary has a separate article for an obsolete ''Krieg'' that named a winch for drawing a crossbow or moving guns, recorded from 1388 in Nuremberg.^(DWB|11, 2211) Polish took it as ''kryg'' (1445).^(LWP) Clausewitz defined war as ''eine Fortsetzung des politischen Verkehrs mit Einmischung anderer Mittel'' (“a continuation of political dealings by other means”).^(Paul 2002)

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+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}