bilden German · revision 35150

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=8th century, Old High German glosses|origins=gmw-pro *biliþi}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈbɪldən/, [ˈbɪldn̩]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''bilden''' (third-person singular present bildet, past tense bildete, past participle gebildet, auxiliary haben)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|bilden]], [[inh|goh|bilidōn|t=to copy a given shape]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*biliþōn]], with which the older [[goh|biliden|t=to give a thing shape]] merged.^(Kluge 2011|123)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020|149)^(Wiktionary) Both verbs were formed from [[m|goh|bilidi|t=image, shape]], the ancestor of [[Bild]].^(Kluge 2011|123)^(EWA|2, 50) The Old High German dictionary explains the difference between them by meaning, not by dialect, and notes that the first verb was soon pushed out by the second, first in Franconian.^(AWB|1, 1033) The same formation is [[gml|bilden]], [[dum|beelden]], [[ofs|bilethia]] and [[sv|bilda]].^(DWB2|5, 223)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Kluge dates the verb to the 8th century;^(Kluge 2011|123)^(Köbler AHD) Köbler records a gloss of the late 8th century.^(Kluge 2011|123)^(Köbler AHD) Old High German ''bilidōn'' meant “to shape, represent; to copy, imitate; to set an example”, and occurs in Otfrid, Tatian, Notker, the ''Physiologus'' and Williram.^(Schützeichel 2012|49) Otfrid (863/71) uses it of following a holy man's example: ''bilido io filu fram thesan heilegon man'' “always follow this holy man closely”.^(DWB2|5, 223)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Middle High German ''bilden'' combined both senses and was used of craftsmanship and art, of decorating with pictures, and of God as creator; later of the shaping work of nature, and reflexively of natural forms coming into being.^(Duden 7 2020|149)^(Lexer 1872|1, 274) The mystics applied it to the mind and soul (compare [[einbilden]]), and this prepared the way for the 18th-century use of ''bilden'' and ''Bildung'' as central terms of education, at first for the shaping of the young.^(Kluge 2011|123)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020|149) From the middle of the 18th century, and especially in the classical period, the participle ''gebildet'' “educated” and the noun ''der Gebildete'' became common, and the arts were called ''die bildenden Künste''.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ Adelung (1793) records the senses “to give a body its shape” and, figuratively, “to give the mind and will their proper direction”.^(Adelung 1793|1, 1015)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * Late 8th century – First record, in Old High German glosses.^(Köbler AHD)^(Kluge 2011|123)

+ * 863/71 – Otfrid uses ''bilidōn'' for following an example.^(DWB2|5, 223)

+ * 11th century – Notker writes that the Israelites ''bildoton daz chalp'' “made the calf” at Horeb.^(DWB2|5, 223)

+ * c. 1285 – Konrad von Würzburg describes ornaments ''gebildet und gehouwen'' “shaped and carved”.^(DWB2|5, 223)

+ * 18th century – ''bilden'', ''Bildung'' and ''gebildet'' become terms of education;^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Kluge 2011|123) ''bildende Kunst'' appears.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Kluge 2011|123)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|form]], [[m|en|shape]] or produce something in a particular way: ''Sätze bilden'' “to form sentences”.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To shape artistically; to [[m|en|model]] or sculpt: ''Figuren aus Lehm bilden'' “to model figures in clay”.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # To form by grouping or organizing; to set up: ''eine Regierung bilden'' “to form a government”, ''einen Kreis bilden'' “to form a circle”.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # ''(with a dative reflexive)'' To form for oneself: ''sich eine Meinung bilden'' “to form an opinion”.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # To produce out of itself; reflexively, to develop, come into being: ''an der Wunde bildet sich Schorf'' “a scab forms on the wound”.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary DE)

+ # To be, constitute: ''der Fluss bildet die Grenze'' “the river forms the border”.^(Wiktionary DE)

+ # To [[m|en|educate]]; reflexively, to educate oneself.^(Wiktionary)^(Wiktionary DE)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[Bildung]]

+ * [[Gebilde]]

+ * [[gebildet]]

+ * [[Bildner]]

+ * [[bildsam]]

+ * [[abbilden]]

+ * [[ausbilden]]

+ * [[einbilden]]

+ * [[eingebildet]]

+ * [[verbilden]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[Bild]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}