Kritik German · revision 35146

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=1688, Thomasius|origins=grc κρίνω}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /kʁiˈtiːk/, /kʁiˈtɪk/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''Kritik''' ''f'' (genitive Kritik, plural Kritiken)^(Wiktionary)

+ It was first written in the French way, ''Critique'';^(Pfeifer 1993)^(DWB|11, 2334) ''Critic'' and ''Critik'' follow in the 18th century, and Lessing still wrote ''Critik''.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(DWB|11, 2334)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[bor|fr|critique]], borrowed at the end of the 17th century, from [[grc|κριτική|tr=kritikḗ|t=the art of judging]], from [[m|grc|κριτικός|tr=kritikós|t=able to judge, deciding]], from [[m|grc|κρίνω|tr=krínō|t=to separate, decide, judge]].^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2007)^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Kluge 2011|543) The stress on the last syllable comes from French.^(DWB|11, 2334)^(Wiktionary DE) The Duden dictionary traces the Greek verb to [[ine-pro|*(s)ker-|t=to cut]], the root of [[scheren]].^(Duden 7 2007)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Thomasius used ''Critique'' in 1688 in his ''Monatsgespräche'', and Wernicke in 1704 described it as the review that follows each new book in France.^(DFWB)^(Paul 2002) It came in as the keyword of a new judging of literature and art on the French model.^(DFWB)^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In antiquity the word meant simply “judgement”; in the 18th century it centred on criticism of art and of the Bible, and later widened again.^(Kluge 2011|543) Lessing made it the name of reasoned judgement of literature, and by the 18th century it also meant a written review and the critics as a body.^(Paul 2002) Kant's ''Kritik der reinen Vernunft'' (1781) applied it to the faculty of reason itself.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ The colloquial sense “fault-finding, objection” (''Kritik üben'') is the commonest today.^(Paul 2002)^(Duden GWDS 1999) ''Unter aller Kritik'' “beneath contempt” dates from 1769.^(Paul 2002) The adjective [[kritisch]] (1662) and the verb [[kritisieren]] (1663) came in at about the same time.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1688 – Thomasius writes ''Critique''.^(DFWB)^(Paul 2002)

+ * 18th century – the spellings ''Critic'' and ''Critik'' appear.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 1769 – ''unter aller Kritik'' is recorded.^(Paul 2002)

+ * 1781 – Kant publishes the ''Kritik der reinen Vernunft''.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # Expert judgement or assessment of something: ''eine sachliche Kritik''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Duden Fremdwörterbuch 2007)

+ # [[m|en|criticism|alt=Criticism]], fault-finding: ''an der Regierung Kritik üben'', ''auf scharfe Kritik stoßen''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(historical)'' In the former socialist states, public criticism of faults as a political tool, in ''Kritik und Selbstkritik''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # A [[m|en|review]] of a book, film or performance in the media: ''Die Kritiken des Films waren glänzend.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # The critics as a body: ''Die Kritik lobte die Inszenierung.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Duden Fremdwörterbuch 2007)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[kritiklos]]

+ * [[Selbstkritik]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[Kritiker]]

+ * [[kritisch]]

+ * [[kritisieren]]

+ * [[Krise]]

+ * [[Kriterium]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Unter aller Kritik'' means “very bad, beneath contempt”.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}